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Kang X, Gao W, Cheng Y, Cui B, Qiao X, Abd El-Aty AM. Enzymatic Modification of Starch Using Recombinant Genes from Sorghum in Escherichia coli: Insights and Potential Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:590-603. [PMID: 38133624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
SBEIIb (Sobic.004G163700), SSSIIa (Sobic.010G093400), and GBSSI (Sobic.010G022600) genes that regulate starch synthesis in sorghum endosperm were transferred into Escherichia coli by transgenic technology. SBEIIb, SSSIIa, and GBSSI enzymes were separated and purified through a Ni column and analyzed by electrophoresis with molecular weights and activities of 91.57 84.57, and 66.89 kDa and 551 and 700 and 587 U/μL, respectively. Furthermore, they were applied to starch modification, yielding interesting findings: the A chain content increased from 25.79 to 89.55% for SBEIIb-treated waxy starch, while SSSIIa extended the A chain to form DPs of the B chain, with A chain content decreasing from 89.55 to 37.01%, whereas GBSSI was explicitly involved in the synthesis of B1 chain, with its content increasing from 9.59 to 48.45%. Modified starch was obtained, which could be accurately applied in various industries. For instance, we prepared a sample (containing 89.6% A chain content) with excellent antiaging and antidigestion properties through SBEIIb modification. Moreover, higher RS3 (34.25%) and SDS contents (15.75%) of starch were obtained through the joint modification of SBEIIb and SSSIIa. These findings provide valuable insights for developing sorghum starch synthesis-related enzymes and offer opportunities for improving starch properties through enzymatic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xuguang Qiao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
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Compart J, Singh A, Fettke J, Apriyanto A. Customizing Starch Properties: A Review of Starch Modifications and Their Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3491. [PMID: 37631548 PMCID: PMC10459083 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch has been a convenient, economically important polymer with substantial applications in the food and processing industry. However, native starches present restricted applications, which hinder their industrial usage. Therefore, modification of starch is carried out to augment the positive characteristics and eliminate the limitations of the native starches. Modifications of starch can result in generating novel polymers with numerous functional and value-added properties that suit the needs of the industry. Here, we summarize the possible starch modifications in planta and outside the plant system (physical, chemical, and enzymatic) and their corresponding applications. In addition, this review will highlight the implications of each starch property adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (J.C.); (A.S.); (A.A.)
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3
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Lu Y, Lv D, Zhou L, Yang Y, Hao W, Huang L, Fan X, Zhao D, Li Q, Zhang C, Liu Q. Combined effects of SSII-2RNAi and different Wx alleles on rice grain transparency and physicochemical properties. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 308:120651. [PMID: 36813343 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Near-isogenic lines Nip(Wxb/SSII-2), Nip(Wxb/ss2-2), Nip(Wxmw/SSII-2), Nip(Wxmw/ss2-2), Nip(Wxmp/SSII-2) and Nip(Wxmp/ss2-2) in the Nipponbare (Nip) background containing the SSII-2RNAi cassette combined with different Waxy (Wx) alleles were investigated in terms of rice grain transparency and quality profiles. Rice lines carrying the SSII-2RNAi cassette displayed downregulation of SSII-2, SSII-3 and Wx genes. Introduction of the SSII-2RNAi cassette decreased apparent amylose content (AAC) in all transgenic lines, but grain transparency differed between low AAC rice lines. Grains from Nip(Wxb/SSII-2) and Nip(Wxb/ss2-2) were transparent, while those of rice were increasingly translucent with decreasing moisture due to cavities within starch granules. Rice grain transparency was positively correlated with grain moisture and AAC, but negatively correlated with cavity area within starch granules. Starch fine structure analysis revealed a marked increase in short amylopectin chains with DP 6-12, but a decrease in intermediate chains with DP 13-24, resulting in decreased gelatinisation temperature. Starch crystalline structure analysis showed that the transgenic rice starches have lower crystallinity and lamellar repeat distance than controls due to differences in starch fine structure. The results highlight the molecular basis underpinning rice grain transparency, and provide strategies for improving rice grain transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dongjing Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lian Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weizhuo Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lichun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Tiozon RJN, Fettke J, Sreenivasulu N, Fernie AR. More than the main structural genes: Regulation of resistant starch formation in rice endosperm and its potential application. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 285:153980. [PMID: 37086697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, research on resistant starch has evoked interest due to the prevention and inhibition of chronic human diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, and obesity. Increasing the amylose content (AC) and resistant starch (RS) has been pivotal in improving the nutritional benefit of rice. However, the exact mechanism of RS formation is complex due to interconnected genetic factors regulating amylose-amylopectin variation. In this review, we discussed the regulatory factors influencing the RS formation centered on the transcription, post-transcriptional, and post-translational processes. Furthermore, we described the developments in RS and AC levels in rice compared with other high RS cereals. Briefly, we enumerated potential applications of high RS mutants in health, medical, and other industries. We contest that the information captured herein can be deployed for marker-assisted breeding and precision breeding techniques through genome editing to improve rice varieties with enhanced RS content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhowell Jr N Tiozon
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, 4030, Philippines; Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, 4030, Philippines
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Matsushima R, Hisano H, Galis I, Miura S, Crofts N, Takenaka Y, Oitome NF, Ishimizu T, Fujita N, Sato K. FLOURY ENDOSPERM 6 mutations enhance the sugary phenotype caused by the loss of ISOAMYLASE1 in barley. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:94. [PMID: 37010621 PMCID: PMC10070237 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Barley double mutants in two genes involved in starch granule morphology, HvFLO6 and HvISA1, had impaired starch accumulation and higher grain sugar levels than either single mutant. Starch is a biologically and commercially important glucose polymer synthesized by plants as semicrystalline starch granules (SGs). Because SG morphology affects starch properties, mutants with altered SG morphology may be useful in breeding crops with desirable starch properties, including potentially novel properties. In this study, we employed a simple screen for mutants with altered SG morphology in barley (Hordeum vulgare). We isolated mutants that formed compound SGs together with the normal simple SGs in the endosperm and found that they were allelic mutants of the starch biosynthesis genes ISOAMYLASE1 (HvISA1) and FLOURY ENDOSPERM 6 (HvFLO6), encoding starch debranching enzyme and CARBOHYDRATE-BINDING MODULE 48-containing protein, respectively. We generated the hvflo6 hvisa1 double mutant and showed that it had significantly reduced starch biosynthesis and developed shrunken grains. In contrast to starch, soluble α-glucan, phytoglycogen, and sugars accumulated to higher levels in the double mutant than in the single mutants. In addition, the double mutants showed defects in SG morphology in the endosperm and in the pollen. This novel genetic interaction suggests that hvflo6 acts as an enhancer of the sugary phenotype caused by hvisa1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hisano
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yuto Takenaka
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishimizu
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
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6
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Molecular bases of rice grain size and quality for optimized productivity. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:314-350. [PMID: 36710151 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The accomplishment of further optimization of crop productivity in grain yield and quality is a great challenge. Grain size is one of the crucial determinants of rice yield and quality; all of these traits are typical quantitative traits controlled by multiple genes. Research advances have revealed several molecular and developmental pathways that govern these traits of agronomical importance. This review provides a comprehensive summary of these pathways, including those mediated by G-protein, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, mitogen-activated protein kinase, phytohormone, transcriptional regulators, and storage product biosynthesis and accumulation. We also generalize the excellent precedents for rice variety improvement of grain size and quality, which utilize newly developed gene editing and conventional gene pyramiding capabilities. In addition, we discuss the rational and accurate breeding strategies, with the aim of better applying molecular design to breed high-yield and superior-quality varieties.
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Three Starch Synthase IIa ( SSIIa) Alleles Reveal the Effect of SSIIa on the Thermal and Rheological Properties, Viscoelasticity, and Eating Quality of Glutinous Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043726. [PMID: 36835139 PMCID: PMC9962474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutinous rice accumulates amylose-free starch and is utilized for rice cakes and crackers, owing to the loss of the Waxy gene which encodes granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI). Starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) elongates amylopectin chains with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 6-12 to 13-24 and greatly influences starch properties. To elucidate the relationship between the branch length of amylopectin and the thermal and rheological properties, viscoelasticity, and eating quality of glutinous rice, three allelic near isogenic lines with high, low, or no SSIIa activity were generated (designated as SS2a wx, ss2aL wx, and ss2a wx, respectively). Chain length distribution analyses revealed that ss2a wx exhibited the highest short chain (DP < 12) number and lowest gelatinization temperature, whereas SS2a wx showed the opposite results. Gel filtration chromatography showed that the three lines contained essentially no amylose. Viscoelasticity analyses of rice cakes stored at low temperature for different durations revealed that ss2a wx maintained softness and elasticity for up to 6 days, while SS2a wx hardened within 6 h. Sensory evaluation was consistent with mechanical evaluation. The relationship of amylopectin structure with the thermal and rheological properties, viscoelasticity, and eating quality of glutinous rice is discussed.
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Lu X, Wang L, Xiao Y, Wang F, Zhang G, Tang W, Deng H. Grain Quality Characterization of Hybrid Rice Restorer Lines with Resilience to Suboptimal Temperatures during Filling Stage. Foods 2022; 11:3513. [PMID: 36360126 PMCID: PMC9658161 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food that is consumed worldwide, and hybrid rice has been widely employed in many countries to greatly increase yield. However, the frequency of extreme temperature events is increasing, presenting a serious challenge to rice grain quality. Improving hybrid rice grain quality has become crucial for ensuring consumer acceptance. This study compared the differences in milling quality, appearance quality, and physical and chemical starch properties of rice grains of five restorer lines (the male parent of hybrid rice) when they encountered naturally unfavorable temperatures during the filling period under field conditions. High temperatures (HTs) and low temperatures (LTs) had opposite effects on grain quality, and the effect was correlated with rice variety. Notably, R751, R313, and Yuewangsimiao (YWSM) were shown to be superior restorer lines with good resistance to both HT and LT according to traits such as head rice rate, chalkiness degree, chalky rice rate, amylose content, alkali spreading value, and pasting properties. However, Huazhan and 8XR274 were susceptible to sub-optimal temperatures at the grain-filling stage. Breeding hybrid rice with adverse-temperature-tolerant restorer lines can not only ensure high yield via heterosis but also produce superior grain quality. This could ensure the quantity and taste of rice as a staple food in the future, when extreme temperatures will occur increasingly frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedan Lu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Disease Resistance Breeding of Rice and Rape, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Disease Resistance Breeding of Rice and Rape, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yunhua Xiao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Disease Resistance Breeding of Rice and Rape, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Disease Resistance Breeding of Rice and Rape, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Guilian Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Disease Resistance Breeding of Rice and Rape, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wenbang Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Disease Resistance Breeding of Rice and Rape, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Hybrid Rice Centre, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Huabing Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Disease Resistance Breeding of Rice and Rape, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Effect of Heading Date on the Starch Structure and Grain Yield of Rice Lines with Low Gelatinization Temperature. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810783. [PMID: 36142691 PMCID: PMC9502985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early flowering trait is essential for rice cultivars grown at high latitude since delayed flowering leads to seed development at low temperature, which decreases yield. However, early flowering at high temperature promotes the formation of chalky seeds with low apparent amylose content and high starch gelatinization temperature, thus affecting grain quality. Deletion of starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) shows inverse effects of high temperature, and the ss2a mutant shows higher apparent amylose content and lower gelatinization temperature. Heading date 1 (Hd1) is the major regulator of flowering time, and a nonfunctional hd1 allele is required for early flowering. To understand the relationship among heading date, starch properties, and yield, we generated and characterized near-isogenic rice lines with ss2a Hd1, ss2a Hd1 hd1, and ss2a hd1 genotypes. The ss2a Hd1 line showed the highest plant biomass; however, its grain yield varied by year. The ss2a Hd1 hd1 showed higher total grain weight than ss2a hd1. The ss2a hd1 line produced the lowest number of premature seeds and showed higher gelatinization temperature and lower apparent amylose content than ss2a Hd1. These results highlight Hd1 as the candidate gene for developing high-yielding rice cultivars with the desired starch structure.
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Ying Y, Xu F, Zhang Z, Tappiban P, Bao J. Dynamic Change in Starch Biosynthetic Enzymes Complexes during Grain-Filling Stages in BEIIb Active and Deficient Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810714. [PMID: 36142619 PMCID: PMC9501056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the predominant reserve in rice (Oryza sativa L.) endosperm, which is synthesized by the coordinated efforts of a series of starch biosynthetic-related enzymes in the form of a multiple enzyme complex. Whether the enzyme complex changes during seed development is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the dynamic change in multi-protein complexes in an indica rice variety IR36 (wild type, WT) and its BEIIb-deficient mutant (be2b) at different developmental stages. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Western blotting analysis of soluble protein fractions revealed most of the enzymes except for SSIVb were eluted in smaller molecular weight fractions at the early developing stage and were transferred to higher molecular weight fractions at the later stage in both WT and be2b. Accordingly, protein interactions were enhanced during seed development as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation analysis, suggesting that the enzymes were recruited to form larger protein complexes during starch biosynthesis. The converse elution pattern from GPC of SSIVb may be attributed to its vital role in the initiation step of starch synthesis. The number of protein complexes was markedly decreased in be2b at all development stages. Although SSIVb could partially compensate for the role of BEIIb in protein complex formation, it was hard to form a larger protein complex containing over five proteins in be2b. In addition, other proteins such as PPDKA and PPDKB were possibly present in the multi-enzyme complexes by proteomic analyses of high molecular weight fractions separated from GPC. Two putative protein kinases were found to be potentially associated with starch biosynthetic enzymes. Collectively, our findings unraveled a dynamic change in the protein complex during seed development, and potential roles of BEIIb in starch biosynthesis via various protein complex formations, which enables a deeper understanding of the complex mechanism of starch biosynthesis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Ying
- Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Piengtawan Tappiban
- Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agriculture Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-86971932
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11
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Hu Y, Bai J, Xia Y, Lin Y, Ma L, Xu X, Ding Y, Chen L. Increasing SnRK1 activity with the AMPK activator A-769662 accelerates seed germination in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:155-166. [PMID: 35696890 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) plays a key role in rice germination. The small molecule drug, A-769662, activates AMP-activated protein kinase, a mammalian homolog of SnRK1. However, it is unknown whether A-769662 activates SnRK1, thereby affecting germination. SnRK1 in desalted extracts from germinating rice seeds was strongly activated by adding A-769662 in vitro. Applying 50 or 100 μM A-769662 accelerated germination and increased the root length, shoot length, and seedling fresh weight. 50 μM A-769662 treatment increased the catalytic activity and phosphorylation of SnRK1 during germination. Transcriptome analysis and biochemical validation were performed to investigate the mechanism whereby A-769662 treatment promoted rice germination. A-769662 treatment promoted starch hydrolysis by increasing the expression and activity of amylase and inhibited starch biosynthesis by decreasing the expression of OsAGPL2, OsAGPS2a, Wx, and SSIIa. The abscisic acid (ABA) level and gene expression of ABA-induced transcription factors, including OsNF-YC9, OsNF-YC12, OsWRKY24, OsPYL8, OsMKKK62, and OsMKKK63, which reduced the inhibition of germination by ABA were decreased under 50 μM A-769662 treatment. The increased expression of the OsACO3 and OsACO5 genes and increased ethylene levels under A-769662 treatment, which counteracted the inhibition of ABA on germination and, thus, promoted germination. These results demonstrate the activation of A-769662 on SnRK1 and further reveal the regulatory mechanism of A-769662 in rice seed germination and nutrient remobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Hu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Bai
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqing Xia
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Lin
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-sponsored By Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-sponsored By Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China.
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12
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Miura S, Narita M, Crofts N, Itoh Y, Hosaka Y, Oitome NF, Abe M, Takahashi R, Fujita N. Improving Agricultural Traits While Maintaining High Resistant Starch Content in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:28. [PMID: 35662383 PMCID: PMC9167398 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistant starch (RS) is beneficial for human health. Loss of starch branching enzyme IIb (BEIIb) increases the proportion of amylopectin long chains, which greatly elevates the RS content. Although high RS content cereals are desired, an increase in RS content is often accompanied by a decrease in seed weight. To further increase the RS content, genes encoding active-type starch synthase (SS) IIa, which elongates amylopectin branches, and high expression-type granule-bound SSI (GBSSI), which synthesizes amylose, were introduced into the be2b mutant rice. This attempt increased the RS content, but further improvement of agricultural traits was required because of a mixture of indica and japonica rice phonotype, such as different grain sizes, flowering times, and seed shattering traits. In the present study, the high RS lines were backcrossed with an elite rice cultivar, and the starch properties of the resultant high-yielding RS lines were analyzed. RESULTS The seed weight of high RS lines was greatly improved after backcrossing, increasing up to 190% compared with the seed weight before backcrossing. Amylopectin structure, gelatinization temperature, and RS content of high RS lines showed almost no change after backcrossing. High RS lines contained longer amylopectin branch chains than the wild type, and lines with active-type SSIIa contained a higher proportion of long amylopectin chains compared with the lines with less active-SSIIa, and thus showed higher gelatinization temperature. Although the RS content of rice varied with the cooking method, those of high RS lines remained high after backcrossing. The RS contents of cooked rice of high RS lines were high (27-35%), whereas that of the elite parental rice was considerably low (< 0.7%). The RS contents of lines with active-type SSIIa and high-level GBSSI expression in be2b or be2b ss3a background were higher than those of lines with less-active SSIIa. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that backcrossing high RS rice lines with elite rice cultivars could increase the seed weight, without compromising the RS content. It is likely that backcrossing introduced loci enhancing seed length and width as well as loci promoting early flowering for ensuring an optimum temperature during RS biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Maiko Narita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Yuki Itoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko F. Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Rika Takahashi
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
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13
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Zhang Z, Zhao J, Tappiban P, Ying Y, Hu Y, Xu F, Bao J. Diurnal changes in starch molecular structures and expression profiles of starch biosynthesis enzymes in rice developing seeds. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:2165-2174. [PMID: 35500783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The diurnal changes in the expression profiles of starch synthesis related enzymes (SSREs) has been previously studied in transitory starches, while its influences on storage starch molecular structures in the rice endosperm during seed development have not been elucidated. In this study, the changes in the transcript levels of starch synthesis related genes (SSRGs), the protein abundances and enzyme activities of SSREs as well as starch molecular structures in rice endosperm at 10 days after flowering (DAF) over the diurnal cycle were analyzed. It was found that the expression profiles of SSRG and the protein contents of SSREs displayed different diurnal patterns between two indica rice varieties with medium- and high-amylose content (AC), respectively. The expression levels of SSRGs were higher in the light time, and most SSREs also accumulated during this period except debranching enzymes. Amylose synthesis displayed distinct diurnal patterns in two rice varieties, which is attributed to the diurnal changes in the protein content of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), but amylopectin chain-length distributions (CLDs) remained unaltered due to its vast numbers of branches. The results provide the first step to understand the roles of each enzyme isoform involved in starch synthesis in response to diurnal regulation in rice endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Piengtawan Tappiban
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yining Ying
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China.
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14
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Shen L, Li J, Li Y. Resistant starch formation in rice: Genetic regulation and beyond. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100329. [PMID: 35576157 PMCID: PMC9251435 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS), a healthy dietary fiber, is a particular type of starch that has attracted much research attention in recent years. RS has important roles in reducing glycemic index, postprandial blood glucose levels, and serum cholesterol levels, thereby improving and preventing many diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. The formation of RS is influenced by intrinsic properties of starch (e.g., starch granule structure, starch crystal structure, and amylose-to-amylopectin ratio) and non-starch components (e.g., proteins, lipids, and sugars), as well as storage and processing conditions. Recent studies have revealed that several starch-synthesis-related genes (SSRGs) are crucial for the formation of RS during seed development. Several transcription factors and mRNA splicing factors have been shown to affect the expression or splicing of SSRGs that regulate RS content, suggesting their potential roles in RS formation. This review focuses mainly on recent research progress on the genetic regulation of RS content and discusses the emerging genetic and molecular mechanisms of RS formation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Yunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, China.
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15
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Sreenivasulu N, Zhang C, Tiozon RN, Liu Q. Post-genomics revolution in the design of premium quality rice in a high-yielding background to meet consumer demands in the 21st century. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100271. [PMID: 35576153 PMCID: PMC9251384 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice is critical for determining its economic value in the marketplace and promoting consumer acceptance. It has therefore been of paramount importance in rice breeding programs. Here, we highlight advances in genetic studies of ECQ and discuss prospects for further enhancement of ECQ in rice. Innovations in gene- and genome-editing techniques have enabled improvements in rice ECQ. Significant genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been shown to regulate starch composition, thereby affecting amylose content and thermal and pasting properties. A limited number of genes/QTLs have been identified for other ECQ properties such as protein content and aroma. Marker-assisted breeding has identified rare alleles in diverse genetic resources that are associated with superior ECQ properties. The post-genomics-driven information summarized in this review is relevant for augmenting current breeding strategies to meet consumer preferences and growing population demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Sreenivasulu
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños 4030, Philippines.
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Rhowell N Tiozon
- Consumer Driven Grain Quality and Nutrition Unit, Rice Breeding and Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños 4030, Philippines; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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16
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Zhou L, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wang C, Liu Q. Genetic manipulation of endosperm amylose for designing superior quality rice to meet the demands in the 21st century. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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17
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Ida T, Crofts N, Miura S, Matsushima R, Fujita N. Starch biosynthetic protein complex formation in rice <i>ss2a be2b (</i>+<i>)</i> double mutant differs from their parental single mutants. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2022; 69:23-33. [PMID: 35891898 PMCID: PMC9276526 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2021_0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amylopectin, which consists of highly branched glucose polymers, is a major component of starch. Biochemical processes that regulate the elongation of glucose polymers and the generation and removal of glucose branches are essential for determining the properties of starch. Starch synthases (SSs) and branching enzyme (BE) mainly form complexes consisting of SSI, SSIIa, and BEIIb during endosperm development. Loss of BEIIb in rice is complemented by BEIIa, but the compensatory effects differ depending on the presence or absence of inactive BEIIb. To better understand these compensatory mechanisms, ss2a be2b (+) double mutant, which possessed truncated inactive SSIIa and inactive BEIIb, were analyzed. Soluble proteins separated by gel filtration chromatography showed that SSIIa and BEIIb proteins in the wild-type exhibited a broad range of elution patterns and only small amounts were detected in high molecular mass fractions. In contrast, most of truncated inactive SSIIa and inactive BEIIb from ss2a be2b (+) were found in high molecular mass fractions, and the SSI-SSIIa-BEIIb trimeric protein complex found in the wild-type was likely absent in ss2a be2b (+). Those SSIIa and BEIIb proteins in high molecular mass fractions in ss2a be2b (+) were also identified by mass spectrometry. Parental ss2a single mutant had negligible amounts of SSIIa suggesting that the truncated inactive SSIIa was recruited to high-molecular mass complexes in the presence of inactive BEIIb in ss2a be2b (+) double mutant. In addition, SSIVb might be involved in the formation of alternative protein complexes with < 300 kDa in ss2a be2b (+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamami Ida
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Satoko Miura
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University
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18
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Okpala NE, Aloryi KD, An T, He L, Tang X. The roles of starch branching enzymes and starch synthase in the biosynthesis of amylose in rice. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Crofts N, Domon A, Miura S, Hosaka Y, Oitome NF, Itoh A, Noge K, Fujita N. Starch synthases SSIIa and GBSSI control starch structure but do not determine starch granule morphology in the absence of SSIIIa and SSIVb. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:379-398. [PMID: 34671919 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High levels of two major starch synthases, SSIIa and GBSSI, in ss3a ss4b double mutant rice alter the starch structure but fail to recover the polygonal starch granule morphology. The endosperm starch granule is polygonal in wild-type rice but spherical in double mutant japonica rice lacking genes encoding two of the five major Starch synthase (SS) isozymes expressed in endosperm, SSIIIa and SSIVb. Japonica rice naturally has low levels of SSIIa and Granule-bound SSI (GBSSI). Therefore, introduction of active SSIIa allele and/or high-expressing GBSSI allele from indica rice into the japonica rice mutant lacking SS isozymes can help elucidate the compensatory roles of SS isozymes in starch biosynthesis. In this study, we crossed the ss3a ss4a double mutant japonica rice with the indica rice to generate three new rice lines with high and/or low SSIIa and GBSSI levels, and examined their starch structure, physicochemical properties, and levels of other starch biosynthetic enzymes. Lines with high SSIIa levels showed more SSI and SSIIa bound to starch granule, reduced levels of short amylopectin chains (7 ≤ DP ≤ 12), increased levels of amylopectin chains with DP > 13, and consequently higher gelatinization temperature. Lines with high GBSSI levels showed an increase in amylose content. The ADP-glucose content of the crude extract was high in lines with low or high SSIIa and low GBSSI levels, but was low in lines with high GBSSI. Addition of high SSIIa and GBSSI altered the starch structure and physicochemical properties but did not affect the starch granule morphology, confirming that SSIIIa and SSIVb are key enzymes affecting starch granule morphology in rice. The relationship among SS isozymes and its effect on the amount of substrate (ADP-glucose) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Asaka Domon
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ayaka Itoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Koji Noge
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan.
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20
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Crofts N, Satoh Y, Miura S, Hosaka Y, Abe M, Fujita N. Active-type starch synthase (SS) IIa from indica rice partially complements the sugary-1 phenotype in japonica rice endosperm. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:325-342. [PMID: 34287741 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of higher SSIIa activity to mild-type isa1 mutant by crossing results in restoration of crystallinity, starch granule structure, and production of plump seeds. Isoamylase 1 (ISA1) removes improper α-1, 6 glycosidic branches of amylopectin generated by starch branching enzymes and is essential for the formation of proper amylopectin structure. Rice isa1 (sug-1) mutants in japonica cultivar with less-active starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) and low granule-bound SSI (GBSSI) expression display wrinkled seed phenotype by accumulating water-soluble phytoglycogen instead of insoluble amylopectin. Expression of active SSIIa in transgenic rice produced with a severe-type isa1 mutant accumulated some insoluble glucan with weak B-type crystallinity at the periphery of seeds but their seeds remained wrinkled. To see whether introduction of high levels of SSIIa and/or GBSSI can restore the grain filling of the mild-type sug-1 mutant (EM653), new rice lines (SS2a gbss1L isa1, ss2aL GBSS1 isa1, and SS2a GBSS1 isa1) were generated by crossing japonica isa1 mutant (ss2aL gbss1L isa1) with wild type indica rice (SS2a GBSS1 ISA1). The results showed that SS2a gbss1L isa1 and SS2a GBSS1 isa1 lines generated chalky plump seeds accumulating insoluble amylopectin-like glucans with an increase in DP 13-35, while ss2aL GBSS1 isa1 generated wrinkly seeds and accumulated soluble glucans enriched with DP < 13. Scanning electron microscopic observation of cross-section of the seeds showed that SS2a gbss1L isa1 and SS2a GBSS1 isa1 produced wild type-like polygonal starch granules. These starches showed the A-type crystallinity comparable to the wild type, while the japonica isa1 mutant and the transgenic rice do not show any or little crystallinity, respectively. These results indicate that introduction of higher SSIIa activity can mostly complements the mild-type sug-1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Satoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan.
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21
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Zhang C, Hao W, Lu Y, Yang Y, Chen Z, Li Q, Fan X, Luo J, Liu Q. A comparative evaluation of the effect of SSI and Wx allelic variation on rice grain quality and starch physicochemical properties. Food Chem 2022; 371:131205. [PMID: 34598118 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Near-isogenic lines Nip(Wxb/SSIj), Nip(Wxb/SSIi), Nip(wx/SSIj) and Nip(wx/SSIi) in the japonica rice Nipponbare (Nip) background containing allelic variation in the starch synthase gene SSI and Wx were investigated for cooked rice grain quality, starch morphology, pasting profiles, fine structure and crystallinity characteristics. Rice grains carrying the SSIi allele had poor cooked rice taste in the Wxb background. The introduction of SSIi caused reduced cooked rice grain elongation, especially in the wx background. Starch granule size was reduced in SSIi rice and the viscosity of flour and starch prepared from SSIi rice was markedly increased. Moreover, analysis of the starch molecular structure revealed a remarkable increase in the short amylopectin chains and reduced starch relative crystallinity compared with SSIj rice, which resulted in decreased gelatinization characteristics. These results suggest that SSI allelic variation has multiple effects on rice grain quality, as well as starch fine structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Weizhuo Hao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jixun Luo
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture & Food/Precision Health Future Science Platform, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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22
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Buenafe RJ, Rathnam A, Añonuevo JJ, Sundar S, Sreenivasulu N. Application of classification models in screening superior rice grain quality in male sterile and pollen parents. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Huang L, Tan H, Zhang C, Li Q, Liu Q. Starch biosynthesis in cereal endosperms: An updated review over the last decade. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100237. [PMID: 34746765 PMCID: PMC8554040 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a vital energy source for living organisms and is a key raw material and additive in the food and non-food industries. Starch has received continuous attention in multiple research fields. The endosperm of cereals (e.g., rice, corn, wheat, and barley) is the most important site for the synthesis of storage starch. Around 2010, several excellent reviews summarized key progress in various fields of starch research, serving as important references for subsequent research. In the past 10 years, many achievements have been made in the study of starch synthesis and regulation in cereals. The present review provides an update on research progress in starch synthesis of cereal endosperms over the past decade, focusing on new enzymes and non-enzymatic proteins involved in starch synthesis, regulatory networks of starch synthesis, and the use of elite alleles of starch synthesis-related genes in cereal breeding programs. We also provide perspectives on future research directions that will further our understanding of cereal starch biosynthesis and regulation to support the rational design of ideal quality grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongyan Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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24
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Engineering Properties of Sweet Potato Starch for Industrial Applications by Biotechnological Techniques including Genome Editing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179533. [PMID: 34502441 PMCID: PMC8431112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is one of the largest food crops in the world. Due to its abundance of starch, sweet potato is a valuable ingredient in food derivatives, dietary supplements, and industrial raw materials. In addition, due to its ability to adapt to a wide range of harsh climate and soil conditions, sweet potato is a crop that copes well with the environmental stresses caused by climate change. However, due to the complexity of the sweet potato genome and the long breeding cycle, our ability to modify sweet potato starch is limited. In this review, we cover the recent development in sweet potato breeding, understanding of starch properties, and the progress in sweet potato genomics. We describe the applicational values of sweet potato starch in food, industrial products, and biofuel, in addition to the effects of starch properties in different industrial applications. We also explore the possibility of manipulating starch properties through biotechnological means, such as the CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing. The ability to target the genome with precision provides new opportunities for reducing breeding time, increasing yield, and optimizing the starch properties of sweet potatoes.
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Ida T, Crofts N, Miura S, Matsushima R, Fujita N. Structure and Properties of Starch in Rice Double Mutants Lacking Starch Synthase (SS) IIa and Starch Branching Enzyme (BE) IIb. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2021; 68:31-39. [PMID: 34429697 PMCID: PMC8367641 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2021_0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch biosynthetic enzymes form multi-protein complexes consisting of starch synthase (SS) I, SSIIa, and starch branching enzyme (BE) IIb, which synthesize amylopectin clusters. This study analyzed the starch properties in two double mutant rice lines lacking SSIIa and BEIIb, one of which expressed an inactive BEIIb protein. The ss2a be2b lines showed similar or greater seed weight than the be2b lines, and plant growth was not affected. The ss2a line showed increased short amylopectin chains resulting in a lower gelatinization temperature. Starch granule morphology and A-type crystallinity were similar between the ss2a line and the wild type, except for a mild chalky seed phenotype in the ss2a line. However, the starch phenotype of the ss2a be2b lines, which was similar to that of be2b but not ss2a, was characterized by increased long amylopectin chains, abnormal starch granules, and B-type crystallinity. The similarity in phenotype between the ss2a be2b and be2b lines may be attributed to the inability of the be2b mutants to generate short amylopectin branches, which serve as primers for SSIIa. Therefore, the presence or absence of SSIIa hardly affected the amylopectin structure under the be2b background. The amylose content was significantly higher in the ss2a be2b lines than in the be2b lines. Starch crystallinity was greater in ss2a be2b lines than in be2b lines, despite the fact that starch crystallinity is generally negatively correlated with amylose content. This suggests that the formation of a double helix between long amylopectin chains and amylose affects starch crystallinity in the ss2a be2b mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamami Ida
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Naoko Crofts
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Satoko Miura
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- 2 Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University
| | - Naoko Fujita
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
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26
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Gann PJ, Esguerra M, Counce PA, Srivastava V. Genotype-dependent and heat-induced grain chalkiness in rice correlates with the expression patterns of starch biosynthesis genes. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 2:165-176. [PMID: 37283703 PMCID: PMC10168090 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Starch biosynthesis is a complex process underlying grain chalkiness in rice in a genotype-dependent manner. Coordinated expression of starch biosynthesis genes is important for producing translucent rice grains, while disruption in this process leads to opaque or chalky grains. To better understand the dynamics of starch biosynthesis genes in grain chalkiness, six rice genotypes showing variable chalk levels were subjected to gene expression analysis during reproductive stages. In the chalky genotypes, peak expression of the large subunit genes of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), encoding the first key step in starch biosynthesis, occurred in the stages before grain filling commenced, creating a gap with the upregulation of starch synthase genes, granule bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) and starch synthase IIA (SSIIA). Whereas, in low-chalk genotypes, AGPase large subunit genes expressed at later stages, generally following the expression patterns of GBSSI and SSIIA. However, heat treatment altered the expression in a genotype-dependent manner that was accompanied by transformed grain morphology and increased chalkiness. The suppression of AGPase subunit genes during early grain filling stages was observed in the chalky genotypes or upon heat treatment, which could result in a limited pool of ADP-Glucose for synthesizing amylose and amylopectin, the major components of the starch. This suboptimal starch biosynthesis process could subsequently lead to inefficient grain filling and air pockets that contribute to chalkiness. In summary, this study suggests a mechanism of grain chalkiness based on the expression patterns of the starch biosynthesis genes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter James Gann
- Cell and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
| | | | - Paul Allen Counce
- Cell and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
- Rice Research and Extension CenterStuttgartARUSA
| | - Vibha Srivastava
- Cell and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
- Department of HorticultureUniversity of ArkansasFayettevilleARUSA
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Huang L, Gu Z, Chen Z, Yu J, Chu R, Tan H, Zhao D, Fan X, Zhang C, Li Q, Liu Q. Improving rice eating and cooking quality by coordinated expression of the major starch synthesis-related genes, SSII and Wx, in endosperm. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:419-432. [PMID: 34129189 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated regulation of amylose and amylopectin synthesis via manipulation of SSII-2, SSII-3 and Wx expression in endosperm can improve rice eating and cooking quality. With increasing rice consumption worldwide, many researchers are working to increase the yield and improve grain quality, especially eating and cooking quality (ECQ). The rice ECQ is mainly controlled by the expression of starch synthesis-related genes (SSRGs) in endosperm. Although the Wx and SSII-3/SSIIa/ALK genes, two major SSRGs, have been manipulated to improve rice ECQ via various breeding approaches, new methods to further improve ECQ are desired. In our previous study, we enhanced rice ECQ by knocking down SSII-2 expression in the japonica Nipponbare cultivar (carrying the Wxb allele) via RNA interference. Herein, the SSII-2 RNAi was introduced into two Nipponbare-derived near-isogenic lines (NILs), Nip(Wxa) and Nip(wx), carrying Wxa and wx alleles respond for high and no amylose levels, respectively. Analysis of physicochemical properties revealed that the improved grain quality of SSII-2 RNAi transgenic lines was achieved by coordinated downregulating the expression of SSII-2, SSII-3 and Wx. To further confirm this conclusion, we generated ssii-2, ssii-3 and ssii-2ssii-3 mutants via CRISPR/Cas9 technique. The amylopectin structure of the resulting ssii-2sii-3 mutants was similar to that in SSII-2 RNAi transgenic lines, and the absence of SSII-2 decreased the amylose content, gelatinisation temperature and rapid visco-analyser profile, indicating essential roles for SSII-2 in the regulation of amylopectin biosynthesis and amylose content in rice endosperm. The effect of SSII-2 was seen only when the activity of SSII-3 was very low or lacking. Our study provides novel approaches and valuable germplasm resources for improving ECQ via plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhengwen Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jiawen Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Rui Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hongyan Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Chen J, Hawkins E, Seung D. Towards targeted starch modification in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 60:102013. [PMID: 33677239 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Genetic approaches to modify starch in crops have been limited by our knowledge of starch biosynthesis. Recent advances in Arabidopsis have revealed key genetic components determining the size, shape and number of granules in a plastid. This has opened the doors to new discoveries on granule initiation in crop species. In parallel, advances in genomic resources and gene editing technologies allow targeted manipulation of starch biosynthesis genes in isogenic crop backgrounds. Such technologies have been successfully deployed to alter starch composition, and can now be used to modify other starch traits. This will allow the complex relationships between starch structure and physicochemical properties to be elucidated, which will facilitate the rational manipulation of starches in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Chen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Erica Hawkins
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - David Seung
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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29
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Identification of SNPs in crucial starch biosynthesis genes in rice. J Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-020-01251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Pan Z, Deng X, Li Q, Xie R, Zhai H, Zeng X, Luobu Z, Tashi N, Li Z. Effects of Two Starch Synthase IIa Isoforms on Grain Components and Other Grain Traits in Barley. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1206-1213. [PMID: 33481586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Starch biosynthesis in cereal crops is a complex pathway regulated by multiple starch synthetic enzymes. Starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) is well-known to be one of the major starch synthases and is very important in amylopectin biosynthesis. It has significant effects on grain composition and kernel traits. However, there are few reports on the association of natural variation of SSIIa in barley and grain composition and characteristics. In this work, two SSIIa isoforms were first identified as SSIIaH and SSIIaL by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and Western blotting. Sequence analysis of the SSIIa gene demonstrated that a 33 bp insertion coding a peptide of APPSSVVPAKK caused different SSIIa, e.g., SSIIaH and SSIIaL. Based on this molecular difference, a polymerase chain reaction marker was developed, which could be used to screen different SSIIa genotypes easily. Kernel hardness of SSIIaL genotypes was significantly higher than that of SSIIaH Chinese barley cultivars. The proportion of SSIIaL genotypes was extremely low in Australian barley cultivars (5/24) and much higher in Tibetan hull-less barley cultivars (46/74), consistent with the end-use requirements of barley grain. This study provided new information in barley endosperm starch synthesis and indicated that it is valuable for choosing the preferred SSIIa genotype according to the end-use requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifen Pan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Deng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xie
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Huisheng Zhai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingquan Zeng
- Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, No. 130 Jinzhu West Road, Lhasa 850002, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa 850002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaxi Luobu
- Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, No. 130 Jinzhu West Road, Lhasa 850002, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa 850002, People's Republic of China
| | - Nyima Tashi
- Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, No. 130 Jinzhu West Road, Lhasa 850002, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa 850002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyi Li
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia, retired
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Miura S, Koyama N, Crofts N, Hosaka Y, Abe M, Fujita N. Generation and Starch Characterization of Non-Transgenic BEI and BEIIb Double Mutant Rice (Oryza sativa) with Ultra-High Level of Resistant Starch. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:3. [PMID: 33409744 PMCID: PMC7788159 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cereals high in resistant starch (RS) are gaining popularity, as their intake is thought to help manage diabetes and prediabetes. Number of patients suffering from diabetes is also increasing in Asian countries where people consume rice as a staple food, hence generation of practically growable high RS rice line has been anticipated. It is known that suppression of starch branching enzyme (BE) IIb increases RS content in cereals. To further increase RS content and for more practical use, we generated a non-transgenic be1 be2b double mutant rice (Oryza sativa) line, which completely lacked both proteins, by crossing a be1 mutant with a be2b mutant. RESULTS The be1 be2b mutant showed a decrease in intermediate amylopectin chains and an increase in long amylopectin chains compared with be2b. The amylose content of be1 be2b mutant (51.7%) was the highest among all pre-existing non-transgenic rice lines. To understand the effects of chewing cooked rice and cooking rice flour on RS content, RS content of mashed and un-mashed cooked rice as well as raw and gelatinized rice flour were measured using be1 be2b and its parent mutant lines. The RS contents of mashed cooked rice and raw rice flour of be1 be2b mutant (28.4% and 35.1%, respectively) were 3-fold higher than those of be2b mutant. Gel-filtration analyses of starch treated with digestive enzymes showed that the RS in be1 be2b mutant was composed of the degradation products of amylose and long amylopectin chains. Seed weight of be1 be2b mutant was approximately 60% of the wild type and rather heavier than that of be2b mutant. CONCLUSIONS The endosperm starch in be1 be2b double mutant rice were enriched with long amylopectin chains. This led to a great increase in RS content in cooked rice grains and rice flour in be1 be2b compared with be2b single mutant. be1 be2b generated in this study must serve as a good material for an ultra-high RS rice cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Nana Koyama
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 010-0195 Japan
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32
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You H, Zhang O, Xu L, Liang C, Xiang X. Effects of soluble starch synthase IIa allelic variation on rice grain quality with different Waxy backgrounds. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5344-5351. [PMID: 32533854 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble starch synthase IIa (ALK, SSII-3) is the major gene regulating gelatinization temperature (GT) and SSII-3 M1 is an effective marker for identifying SSIIa alleles. However, the haplotypes of SSIIa alleles amplified by SSII-3M1 and their allelic effect sunder different Waxy (Wx) background in non-glutinous rice remain unclear. RESULTS By integrating the genetic background analysis and by the identification of the genotypes of Wx and SSIIa, we found that the SSIIa alleles amplified by SSII-3 M1 were haplotype 1 (G/G/GC, indica-type) and 4 (A/G/TT, japonica-type), which had a significant effect on pasting temperature (PaT), hot paste viscosity (HPV), and the alkali spreading value (ASV). There were significant effects of SSIIa alleles on HPV, cool paste viscosity (CPV), and consistency value with different Wx backgrounds. The apparent amylose content (AAC) of samples significantly affected the accuracy of GT, which was represented by the manually determined pasting temperature (PTm). CONCLUSIONS The SSIIa alleles amplified by SSII-3 M1 are indica type and japonica type. Different SSIIa haplotypes significantly affect HPV, CPV, PaT, and ASV. GT, PaT, and PTm are mainly affected by SSIIa alleles. The classification of all samples with different haplotypes of SSIIa indicates that their AAC (Wx genotypes) is essentially. The effects of SSIIa alleles are themselves affected by different Wx alleles. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui You
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Ouling Zhang
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Cheng Liang
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Xunchao Xiang
- Lab of Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
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33
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Zhang C, Yang Y, Chen Z, Chen F, Pan L, Lu Y, Li Q, Fan X, Sun Z, Liu Q. Characteristics of Grain Physicochemical Properties and the Starch Structure in Rice Carrying a Mutated ALK/SSIIa Gene. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13950-13959. [PMID: 33140950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The gelatinization temperature (GT) of endosperm starch influences rice eating and the cooking quality (ECQ). ALK encoding soluble starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) is the major gene determining grain GT in rice. Herein, we identified a spontaneous ALK mutant named ALKd, which resulted from a G/T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 1 of the ALKc allele from the high-GT indica rice cultivar. Compared with grains from the ALKc near-isogenic line (NIL), NIL(ALKd) grains exhibited a high GT (2.3 °C) and improved retrogradation properties. The NIL(ALKd) grain starch contained an increased proportion of amylopectin intermediate chains (DP 13-24) at the expense of short chains (DP < 12), resulting in enhancements in both the crystallinity and the lamellar peak intensity compared with low-GT rice grains. Moreover, both NIL(ALKd) and NIL(ALKc) grains also featured a significantly lower apparent amylose content (AAC), harder gel consistency (GC), higher pasting curve, and poorer taste values in comparison to Nip(ALKa) grains. Taken together, this work provides novel insights underlying the allelic variation of the ALK gene in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhuanzhuan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lixu Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhizhong Sun
- Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Katoh E, Murata K, Fujita N. 13C CP/MAS NMR Can Discriminate Genetic Backgrounds of Rice Starch. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:24592-24600. [PMID: 33015477 PMCID: PMC7528316 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state cross-polarization magic-angle spinning carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CP/MAS NMR) spectroscopy is used to analyze starch derived from plants including wheat, maize, and potato, but few reports have described its application to rice starch. Here, we combined 13C CP/MAS NMR with deconvolution and subtraction methods to analyze rice lines including mutants that are deficient in at least one enzyme involved in amylose and/or amylopectin biosynthesis. We found that differences in the content of ordered structures between rice lines could be evaluated using C1 signal deconvolution and subtraction. The content of the V-type ordered structure increased with increasing amylose content. Furthermore, starch derived from a starch synthase (SS) IIIa/starch branching enzyme (BE) IIb-deficient mutant formed B- and V-type ordered structures and significantly more nonordered structures than the other rice lines. These data indicate that 13C CP/MAS NMR analysis is useful for discriminating the genetic backgrounds of starch derived from different rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Katoh
- Advanced
Analysis Center, National Agriculture and
Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Murata
- Advanced
Analysis Center, National Agriculture and
Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department
of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural
University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita 010-0195, Japan
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Chen Z, Lu Y, Feng L, Hao W, Li C, Yang Y, Fan X, Li Q, Zhang C, Liu Q. Genetic Dissection and Functional Differentiation of ALK a and ALK b, Two Natural Alleles of the ALK/SSIIa Gene, Responding to Low Gelatinization Temperature in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:39. [PMID: 32529332 PMCID: PMC7289932 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ALK is the key gene controlling rice gelatinization temperature (GT), which is closely associated with the eating and cooking quality (ECQ) in rice (Oryza sativa L.). To date, at least three ALK alleles are thought to be responsible for the diversity of GT among rice cultivars. The ALKc/SSIIai allele with high activity of the soluble starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) controls high GT, but the accurate functional difference between ALKa and ALKb alleles, both controlling low GT, is not clearly elucidated. Thus, we generated rice near-isogenic lines (NILs) by introducing different ALK alleles into the japonica cultivar Nipponbare (Nip) to clarify the discrepant effects of the two low-GT ALK alleles. RESULTS The results showed that the function of two low-GT alleles (ALKa and ALKb) was different, and a much lower GT was observed in NIL(ALKb) rice grains compared with that of Nip(ALKa). Moreover, the starches of NIL(ALKb) grains had a higher degree of branching, higher setback, consistence and higher cool pasting viscosity than those of Nip(ALKa). The lower expression level of ALKb, compared with ALKa, resulted in depleted intermediate chains and increased short chains of amylopectin, thus affected the thermal and pasting properties of NILs' grains. Also, the data revealed both low-GT alleles were mainly found in temperate japonica, but more ALKb was found in other subpopulations such as indica as compared to ALKa. CONCLUSIONS Overall, all the results suggested that the function between two low-GT alleles was different, and the distribution of ALKb was much wider than that of ALKa among the subpopulations of cultivated rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanzhuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education / Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education / Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Linhao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Weizhuo Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education / Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education / Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education / Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education / Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Jr. VMB, Luo J, Li Z, Gidley MJ, Bird AR, Tetlow IJ, Fitzgerald M, Jobling SA, Rahman S. Functional Genomic Validation of the Roles of Soluble Starch Synthase IIa in Japonica Rice Endosperm. Front Genet 2020; 11:289. [PMID: 32300357 PMCID: PMC7142255 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) in cereals has catalytic and regulatory roles during the synthesis of amylopectin that influences the functional properties of the grain. Rice endosperm SSIIa is more active in indica accessions compared to japonica lines due to functional SNP variations in the coding region of the structural gene. In this study, downregulating the expression of japonica-type SSIIa in Nipponbare endosperm resulted in either shrunken or opaque grains with an elevated proportion of A-type starch granules. Shrunken seeds had severely reduced starch content and could not be maintained in succeeding generations. In comparison, the opaque grain morphology was the result of weaker down-regulation of SSIIa which led to an elevated proportion of short-chain amylopectin (DP 6-12) and a concomitant reduction in the proportion of medium-chain amylopectin (DP 13-36). The peak gelatinization temperature of starch and the estimated glycemic score of cooked grain as measured by the starch hydrolysis index were significantly reduced. These results highlight the important role of medium-chain amylopectin in influencing the functional properties of rice grains, including its digestibility. The structural, regulatory and nutritional implications of down-regulated japonica-type SSIIa in rice endosperm are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito M. Butardo Jr.
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Jixun Luo
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zhongyi Li
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael J. Gidley
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Ian J. Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa Fitzgerald
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Sadequr Rahman
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Science and the Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Cheng Y, Jiang S, Zhang X, He H, Liu J. Whole-Genome Re-Sequencing of Corylus heterophylla Blank-Nut Mutants Reveals Sequence Variations in Genes Associated With Embryo Abortion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1465. [PMID: 31798613 PMCID: PMC6863972 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Yield loss in the economically important hazelnut (Corylus spp.) occurs through the frequent formation of blank nuts. Although the condition is associated with embryo abortion, we have not yet identified the regulatory genes involved. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the genes related to embryo abortion in hazel. We performed whole-genome re-sequencing and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis on four mutant hazelnut trees (Empty1 to Empty4, C. heterophylla) bearing blank nuts and four wild-type trees (Full1 to Full4, C. heterophylla). A paired comparison of Empty1 vs. Full1, Empty2 vs. Full2, Empty3 vs. Full3, and Empty4 vs. Full4, along with the intersection of Empty1 to Empty4, revealed 3 081 common SNPs in the four blank-nut mutants. Of these, 215 synonymous SNPs in exonic regions were distributed across 178 candidate genes. Heterozygosity analysis showed that average homozygous and heterozygous SNP ratios were respectively 0.409 and 0.591 in the samples. According to Gene Ontology classification, candidate genes were enriched in the categories of binding, catalysis, molecular transducer, transporter, and molecular function regulator. Among these, 18 of 178 genes had homozygous SNPs in Empty1-4. Cis elements in the promoter region of starch synthase 4 (SS4) contain the RY-element, implying seed-specific expression. Starch granules were absent from Empty1-4 cotyledon cells, but abundantly present in Full1-Full4 cotyledon cells. The blank-nut phenotype has heavier nut shells. Overall, we conclude that single-nucleotide variants of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), intracellular sodium/hydrogen exchanger 2 (NHX2), UDP-glycosyltransferase 74E2 (UGT74E2), DEFECTIVE IN MERISTEM SILENCING 3 (DMS3), DETOXIFICATION 43 (FRD3), and SS4 may induce embryo abortion, leading to blank-nut formation. Our results will benefit future research on how the gain or loss of candidate genes influences seed development. Moreover, our study provides novel prospects for seedless cultivar development.
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Crofts N, Iizuka Y, Abe N, Miura S, Kikuchi K, Matsushima R, Fujita N. Rice Mutants Lacking Starch Synthase I or Branching Enzyme IIb Activity Altered Starch Biosynthetic Protein Complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1817. [PMID: 30581451 PMCID: PMC6292963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Amylopectin, the major component of starch, is synthesized by synergistic activity of multiple isozymes of starch synthases (SSs) and branching enzymes (BEs). The frequency and length of amylopectin branches determine the functionality of starch. In the rice endosperm, BEIIb generates short side chains of amylopectin and SSI elongates those branches, which can be further elongated by SSIIa. Absence of these enzymes greatly affects amylopectin structure. SSI, SSIIa, and BEIIb associate with each other and with other starch biosynthetic enzymes although SSIIa is low activity in japonica rice. The aim of the current study was to understand how the activity of starch biosynthetic enzyme complexes is compensated in the absence of SSI or BEIIb, and whether the compensatory effects are different in the absence of BEIIb or in the presence of inactive BEIIb. Interactions between starch biosynthetic enzymes were analyzed using one ss1 null mutant and two be2b japonica rice mutants (a mutant producing inactive BEIIb and a mutant that did not produce BEIIb). Soluble proteins extracted from the developing rice seeds were separated by gel filtration chromatography. In the absence of BEIIb activity, BEIIa was eluted in a broad molecular weight range (60-700 kDa). BEIIa in the wild-type was eluted with a mass below 300 kDa. Further, majority of inactive BEIIb co-eluted with SSI, SSIIa, and BEI, in a mass fraction over 700 kDa, whereas only small amounts of these isozymes were found in the wild-type. Compared with the be2b lines, the ss1 mutant showed subtle differences in protein profiles, but the amounts of SSIIa, SSIVb, and BEI in the over-700-kDa fraction were elevated. Immunoprecipitation revealed reduced association of SSIIa and BEIIb in the ss1 mutant, while the association of BEIIb with SSI, SSIIa, SSIVb, BEI, and BEIIa were more pronounced in the be2b mutant that produced inactive BEIIb enzyme. Mass spectrometry and western blotting revealed that SSI, SSIIa, SSIIIa, BEI, BEIIa, starch phosphorylase 1, and pullulanase were bound to the starch granules in the be2b mutants, but not in the wild-type and ss1 mutant. These results will aid the understanding of the mechanism of amylopectin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuriko Iizuka
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Natsuko Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Kana Kikuchi
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
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Cuevas RPO, Domingo CJ, Sreenivasulu N. Multivariate-based classification of predicting cooking quality ideotypes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) indica germplasm. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 11:56. [PMID: 30306421 PMCID: PMC6179975 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-018-0245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For predicting texture suited for South and South East Asia, most of the breeding programs tend to focus on developing rice varieties with intermediate to high amylose content in indica subspecies. However, varieties within the high amylose content class may still be distinguishable by consumers, who are able to distinguish texture that cannot be differentiated by proxy cooking quality indicators. RESULTS This study explored a suite of assays to capture viscosity, rheometric, and mechanical texture parameters for characterising cooked rice texture in a set of 211 rice accessions from a diversity panel and employed multivariate approaches to classify rice varieties into distinct cooking quality classes. Results suggest that when the amylose content range is narrowed to the intermediate to high classes, parameters determined by rheometry and RVA become diagnostic. Modeled parameters distinguishing cooking quality ideotypes within the same range of amylose classes differ in textural parameters scored by a descriptive sensory panel. CONCLUSIONS Our results reinforced the notion that it is important to define cooking quality classes in indica subtypes based on multidimensional parameters, by going beyond amylose predictions. These predictive cooking models will be handy in capturing cooking and eating quality properties that address consumer preferences in future breeding programs. Policy implications of such findings may lead to changes in criteria used in assessing grain quality in the intermediate to high amylose classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Paula O. Cuevas
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), College, Los Baños, Laguna Philippines
| | - Cyril John Domingo
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), College, Los Baños, Laguna Philippines
- Present address: Pangasinan State University, Bayambang, Pangasinan Philippines
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), College, Los Baños, Laguna Philippines
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