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Pezzini FF, Ferrari G, Forrest LL, Hart ML, Nishii K, Kidner CA. Target capture and genome skimming for plant diversity studies. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2023; 11:e11537. [PMID: 37601316 PMCID: PMC10439825 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advances in long-read high-throughput sequencing and assembly methods have facilitated the generation of annotated chromosome-scale whole-genome sequence data for evolutionary studies; however, generating such data can still be difficult for many plant species. For example, obtaining high-molecular-weight DNA is typically impossible for samples in historical herbarium collections, which often have degraded DNA. The need to fast-freeze newly collected living samples to conserve high-quality DNA can be complicated when plants are only found in remote areas. Therefore, short-read reduced-genome representations, such as target capture and genome skimming, remain important for evolutionary studies. Here, we review the pros and cons of each technique for non-model plant taxa. We provide guidance related to logistics, budget, the genomic resources previously available for the target clade, and the nature of the study. Furthermore, we assess the available bioinformatic analyses, detailing best practices and pitfalls, and suggest pathways to combine newly generated data with legacy data. Finally, we explore the possible downstream analyses allowed by the type of data generated using each technique. We provide a practical guide to help researchers make the best-informed choice regarding reduced genome representation for evolutionary studies of non-model plants in cases where whole-genome sequencing remains impractical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giada Ferrari
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kanae Nishii
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A Kidner
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
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Anwar Z, Ijaz A, Ditta A, Wang B, Liu F, Khan SMUD, Haidar S, Hassan HM, Khan MKR. Genomic Dynamics and Functional Insights under Salt Stress in Gossypium hirsutum L. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1103. [PMID: 37239463 PMCID: PMC10218025 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The changing climate is intensifying salt stress globally. Salt stress is a menace to cotton crop quality and yield. The seedling, germination, and emergence phases are more prone to the effects of salt stress than other stages. Higher levels of salt can lead to delayed flowering, a reduced number of fruiting positions, shedding of fruits, decreased boll weight, and yellowing of fiber, all of which have an adverse effect on the yield and quality of the seed cotton. However, sensitivity toward salt stress is dependent on the salt type, cotton growth phase, and genotype. As the threat of salt stress continues to grow, it is crucial to gain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in plants and to identify potential avenues for enhancing the salt tolerance of cotton. The emergence of marker-assisted selection, in conjunction with next-generation sequencing technologies, has streamlined cotton breeding efforts. This review begins by providing an overview of the causes of salt stress in cotton, as well as the underlying theory of salt tolerance. Subsequently, it summarizes the breeding methods that utilize marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and techniques for identifying elite salt-tolerant markers in wild species or mutated materials. Finally, novel cotton breeding possibilities based on the approaches stated above are presented and debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Anwar
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan; (Z.A.); (A.I.); (A.D.); (S.M.-U.-D.K.); (S.H.); (H.M.H.)
| | - Aqsa Ijaz
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan; (Z.A.); (A.I.); (A.D.); (S.M.-U.-D.K.); (S.H.); (H.M.H.)
| | - Allah Ditta
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan; (Z.A.); (A.I.); (A.D.); (S.M.-U.-D.K.); (S.H.); (H.M.H.)
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Baohua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang 455000, China;
| | - Sana Muhy-Ud-Din Khan
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan; (Z.A.); (A.I.); (A.D.); (S.M.-U.-D.K.); (S.H.); (H.M.H.)
| | - Sajjad Haidar
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan; (Z.A.); (A.I.); (A.D.); (S.M.-U.-D.K.); (S.H.); (H.M.H.)
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Mumtaz Hassan
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan; (Z.A.); (A.I.); (A.D.); (S.M.-U.-D.K.); (S.H.); (H.M.H.)
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif Riaz Khan
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan; (Z.A.); (A.I.); (A.D.); (S.M.-U.-D.K.); (S.H.); (H.M.H.)
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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Application of Genomics to Understand Salt Tolerance in Lentil. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030332. [PMID: 33668850 PMCID: PMC7996261 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress, limiting lentil productivity worldwide. Understanding the genetic basis of salt tolerance is vital to develop tolerant varieties. A diversity panel consisting of 276 lentil accessions was screened in a previous study through traditional and image-based approaches to quantify growth under salt stress. Genotyping was performed using two contrasting methods, targeted (tGBS) and transcriptome (GBS-t) genotyping-by-sequencing, to evaluate the most appropriate methodology. tGBS revealed the highest number of single-base variants (SNPs) (c. 56,349), and markers were more evenly distributed across the genome compared to GBS-t. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using a mixed linear model. Significant marker-trait associations were observed on Chromosome 2 as well as Chromosome 4, and a range of candidate genes was identified from the reference genome, the most plausible being potassium transporters, which are known to be involved in salt tolerance in related species. Detailed mineral composition performed on salt-treated and control plant tissues revealed the salt tolerance mechanism in lentil, in which tolerant accessions do not transport Na+ ions around the plant instead localize within the root tissues. The pedigree analysis identified two parental accessions that could have been the key sources of tolerance in this dataset.
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Klápště J, Kremer A, Burg K, Garnier-Géré P, El-Dien OG, Ratcliffe B, El-Kassaby YA, Porth I. Quercus species divergence is driven by natural selection on evolutionarily less integrated traits. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 126:366-382. [PMID: 33110229 PMCID: PMC8027598 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-00378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional traits are organismal attributes that can respond to environmental cues, thereby providing important ecological functions. In addition, an organism's potential for adaptation is defined by the patterns of covariation among groups of functionally related traits. Whether an organism is evolutionarily constrained or has the potential for adaptation is based on the phenotypic integration or modularity of these traits. Here, we revisited leaf morphology in two European sympatric white oaks (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L.), sampling 2098 individuals, across much of their geographical distribution ranges. At the phenotypic level, leaf morphology traditionally encompasses discriminant attributes among different oak species. Here, we estimated in situ heritability, genetic correlation, and integration across such attributes. Also, we performed Selection Response Decomposition to test these traits for potential differences in oak species' evolutionary responses. Based on the uncovered functional units of traits (modules) in our study, the morphological module "leaf size gradient" was highlighted among functionally integrated traits. Equally, this module was defined in both oaks as being under "global regulation" in vegetative bud establishment and development. Lamina basal shape and intercalary veins' number were not, or, less integrated within the initially defined leaf functional unit, suggesting more than one module within the leaf traits' ensemble. Since these traits generally show the greatest species discriminatory power, they potentially underwent effective differential response to selection among oaks. Indeed, the selection of these traits could have driven the ecological preferences between the two sympatric oaks growing under different microclimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Klápště
- Department of Genetics and Physiology of Forest Trees, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Czechia.
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.), 49 Sala Street, Whakarewarewa, Rotorua, 3010, New Zealand.
| | - Antoine Kremer
- INRA, UMR Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33612, Cestas Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1202, Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Kornel Burg
- Department of Health and Environment (Bioresources), AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straβe 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Pauline Garnier-Géré
- INRA, UMR Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33612, Cestas Cedex, France
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1202, Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Omnia Gamal El-Dien
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Blaise Ratcliffe
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ilga Porth
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, 1030, Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Alexandre H, Truffaut L, Klein E, Ducousso A, Chancerel E, Lesur I, Dencausse B, Louvet J, Nepveu G, Torres‐Ruiz JM, Lagane F, Musch B, Delzon S, Kremer A. How does contemporary selection shape oak phenotypes? Evol Appl 2020; 13:2772-2790. [PMID: 33294022 PMCID: PMC7691464 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Most existing forests are subjected to natural and human-mediated selection pressures, which have increased due to climate change and the increasing needs of human societies for wood, fibre and fuel resources. It remains largely unknown how these pressures trigger evolutionary changes. We address this issue here for temperate European oaks (Quercus petraea and Q. robur), which grow in mixed stands, under even-aged management regimes. We screened numerous functional traits for univariate selection gradients and for expected and observed genetic changes over two successive generations. In both species, growth, leaf morphology and physiology, and defence-related traits displayed significant selection gradients and predicted shifts, whereas phenology, water metabolism, structure and resilience-related traits did not. However, the direction of the selection response and the potential for adaptive evolution differed between the two species. Quercus petraea had a much larger phenotypic and genetic variance of fitness than Q. robur. This difference raises concerns about the adaptive response of Q. robur to contemporary selection pressures. Our investigations suggest that Q. robur will probably decline steadily, particularly in mixed stands with Q. petraea, consistent with the contrasting demographic dynamics of the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José M. Torres‐Ruiz
- INRAEUniversity of BordeauxBIOGECOCestasFrance
- INRAEUniversity of Clermont‐AuvergnePIAFClermont‐FerrandFrance
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Hale H, Gardner EM, Viruel J, Pokorny L, Johnson MG. Strategies for reducing per-sample costs in target capture sequencing for phylogenomics and population genomics in plants. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 8:e11337. [PMID: 32351798 PMCID: PMC7186906 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The reduced cost of high-throughput sequencing and the development of gene sets with wide phylogenetic applicability has led to the rise of sequence capture methods as a plausible platform for both phylogenomics and population genomics in plants. An important consideration in large targeted sequencing projects is the per-sample cost, which can be inflated when using off-the-shelf kits or reagents not purchased in bulk. Here, we discuss methods to reduce per-sample costs in high-throughput targeted sequencing projects. We review the minimal equipment and consumable requirements for targeted sequencing while comparing several alternatives to reduce bulk costs in DNA extraction, library preparation, target enrichment, and sequencing. We consider how each of the workflow alterations may be affected by DNA quality (e.g., fresh vs. herbarium tissue), genome size, and the phylogenetic scale of the project. We provide a cost calculator for researchers considering targeted sequencing to use when designing projects, and identify challenges for future development of low-cost sequencing in non-model plant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Hale
- Department of Biological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexas79409USA
| | - Elliot M. Gardner
- The Morton ArboretumLisleIllinois60532USA
- Department of BiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio44106USA
- Singapore Botanic GardensNational Parks Board1 Cluny Road259569Singapore
| | - Juan Viruel
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, RichmondSurreyTW9 3DSUnited Kingdom
| | - Lisa Pokorny
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, RichmondSurreyTW9 3DSUnited Kingdom
- Present address:
Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (CBGP) UPM‐INIA28223Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid)Spain
| | - Matthew G. Johnson
- Department of Biological SciencesTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexas79409USA
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Alexandre H, Truffaut L, Ducousso A, Louvet JM, Nepveu G, Torres-Ruiz JM, Lagane F, Firmat C, Musch B, Delzon S, Kremer A. In situ estimation of genetic variation of functional and ecological traits in Quercus petraea and Q.robur. TREE GENETICS & GENOMES 2020; 16:32. [PMID: 32256274 PMCID: PMC7136077 DOI: 10.1007/s11295-019-1407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicting the evolutionary potential of natural tree populations requires the estimation of heritability and genetic correlations among traits on which selection acts, as differences in evolutionary success between species may rely on differences for these genetic parameters. In situ estimates are expected to be more accurate than measures done under controlled conditions which do not reflect the natural environmental variance. AIMS The aim of the current study was to estimate three genetic parameters (i.e. heritability, evolvability and genetic correlations) in a natural mixed oak stand composed of Quercus petraea and Quercus robur about 100 years old, for 58 traits of ecological and functional relevance (growth, reproduction, phenology, physiology, resilience, structure, morphology and defence). METHODS First we estimated genetic parameters directly in situ using realized genomic relatedness of adult trees and parentage relationships over two generations to estimate the traits additive variance. Secondly, we benefited from existing ex situ experiments (progeny tests and conservation collection) installed with the same populations, thus allowing comparisons of in situ heritability estimates with more traditional methods. RESULTS Heritability and evolvability estimates obtained with different methods varied substantially and showed large confidence intervals, however we found that in situ were less precise than ex situ estimates, and assessments over two generations (with deeper relatedness) improved estimates of heritability while large sampling sizes are needed for accurate estimations. At the biological level, heritability values varied moderately across different ecological and functional categories of traits, and genetic correlations among traits were conserved over the two species. CONCLUSION We identified limits for using realized genomic relatedness in natural stands to estimate the genetic variance, given the overall low variance of genetic relatedness and the rather low sampling sizes of currently used long term genetic plots in forestry. These limits can be overcome if larger sample sizes are considered, or if the approach is extended over the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - José M. Torres-Ruiz
- BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France
- PIAF, Univ. Clermont-Auvergne, INRA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Cyril Firmat
- BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France
- URP3F, INRA, 86600 Lusignan, France
| | - Brigitte Musch
- BIOFORA, INRA, ONF, CS 40001 Ardon 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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López de Heredia U, Mora-Márquez F, Goicoechea PG, Guillardín-Calvo L, Simeone MC, Soto Á. ddRAD Sequencing-Based Identification of Genomic Boundaries and Permeability in Quercus ilex and Q. suber Hybrids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:564414. [PMID: 33013984 PMCID: PMC7498617 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.564414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization and its relevance is a hot topic in ecology and evolutionary biology. Interspecific gene flow may play a key role in species adaptation to environmental change, as well as in the survival of endangered populations. Despite the fact that hybridization is quite common in plants, many hybridizing species, such as Quercus spp., maintain their integrity, while precise determination of genomic boundaries between species remains elusive. Novel high throughput sequencing techniques have opened up new perspectives in the comparative analysis of genomes and in the study of historical and current interspecific gene flow. In this work, we applied ddRADseq technique and developed an ad hoc bioinformatics pipeline for the study of ongoing hybridization between two relevant Mediterranean oaks, Q. ilex and Q. suber. We adopted a local scale approach, analyzing adult hybrids (sensu lato) identified in a mixed stand and their open-pollinated progenies. We have identified up to 9,435 markers across the genome and have estimated individual introgression levels in adults and seedlings. Estimated contribution of Q. suber to the genome is higher, on average, in hybrid progenies than in hybrid adults, suggesting preferential backcrossing with this parental species, maybe followed by selection during juvenile stages against individuals with higher Q. suber genomic contribution. Most discriminating markers seem to be scattered throughout the genome, suggesting that a large number of small genomic regions underlie boundaries between these species. A noticeable proportion of the markers (26%) showed allelic frequencies in adult hybrids very similar to one of the parental species, and very different from the other; a finding that seems relevant for understanding the hybridization process and the occurrence of adaptive introgression. Candidate marker databases developed in this study constitute a valuable resource to design large scale re-sequencing experiments in Mediterranean sclerophyllous oak species and could provide insight in species boundaries and on adaptive introgression between Q. suber and Q. ilex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unai López de Heredia
- G.I. Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Dpto. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Mora-Márquez
- G.I. Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Dpto. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Guillardín-Calvo
- G.I. Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Dpto. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco C. Simeone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Álvaro Soto
- G.I. Genética, Fisiología e Historia Forestal, Dpto. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Álvaro Soto,
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Caignard T, Delzon S, Bodénès C, Dencausse B, Kremer A. Heritability and genetic architecture of reproduction-related traits in a temperate oak species. TREE GENETICS & GENOMES 2019; 15:1. [PMID: 30546292 PMCID: PMC6287713 DOI: 10.1007/s11295-018-1309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction, one of the main components of plant fitness, is highly variable in response to environmental cues, but little is known about the genetic determinism underlying reproduction-related traits in forest tree species. There is therefore an urgent need to characterize the genetic architecture of those traits if we are to predict the evolutionary trajectories of forest populations facing rapidly changing environment and mitigate their impacts. Using a full-sib family of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), we investigated the within population variability of seed production and mean seed mass during four consecutive years. Reproductive traits were highly variable between trees and between years. The high narrow sense heritability and evolvability estimated underline the important genetic effect on the variability in seed production and mean seed mass. Despite a large variability over years, reproductive traits show significant genetic correlation between years. Furthermore, for the first time in forest tree species, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with seed production and mean mass of a seed have been identified. While it is commonly assumed and observed that fitness-traits have low narrow sense heritabilities, our findings show that reproduction-related traits may undergo evolutionary changes under selective pressure and may be determinant for tree adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Caignard
- UMR BIOGECO 1202-INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac,
France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- UMR BIOGECO 1202-INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac,
France
| | - Catherine Bodénès
- UMR BIOGECO 1202-INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac,
France
| | | | - Antoine Kremer
- UMR BIOGECO 1202-INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac,
France
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