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Pierro R, Moussa A, Mori N, Marcone C, Quaglino F, Romanazzi G. Bois noir management in vineyard: a review on effective and promising control strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1364241. [PMID: 38601314 PMCID: PMC11004249 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1364241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Among grapevine yellows, Bois noir (BN), associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', represents the biggest threat in the main wine-growing areas worldwide, causing significant losses in berry quality and yields. BN epidemiology involves multiple plant hosts and several insect vectors, making considerably complex the development of effective management strategies. Since application of insecticides on the grapevine canopy is not effective to manage vectors, BN management includes an integrated approach based on treatments to the canopy to make the plant more resistant to the pathogen and/or inhibit the vector feeding, and actions on reservoir plants to reduce possibilities that the vector reaches the grapevine and transmit the phytoplasma. Innovative sustainable strategies developed in the last twenty years to improve the BN management are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pierro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Abdelhameed Moussa
- Pests and Plant Protection Department, Agricultural & Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nicola Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carmine Marcone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Fabio Quaglino
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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Xiao J, Zhu K, Ma R, Zhang C, Lv K, Ge D, Liu R. Full genome sequence of a novel iflavirus from the aster leafhopper Macrosteles fascifrons. Virus Genes 2023; 59:338-342. [PMID: 36508145 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aster leafhopper Macrosteles fascifrons is a common insect pest that feeds on rice and other plants and may serve as a vector to transmit various viruses. Here, we discovered a novel virus from M. fascifrons using metagenomic sequencing. We obtained its complete genome sequence by contig assembly and rapid amplification of cDNA ends, and verified the genome sequence by Sanger sequencing of overlapping segments. Based on homology search and phylogenetic analysis, the new virus belongs to the family Iflaviridae and it is tentatively named "Macrosteles fascifrons iflavirus 1" (MfIV1). Excluding the poly(A) tail, the MfIV1 genome is 10,581 nucleotides in length and it is predicted to encode a polyprotein of 3119 amino acids long, which is likely further processed to several polypeptides with conserved domains, including two rhinovirus like (rhv-like) capsid domains, a cricket paralysis virus (CRPV) capsid domain, a helicase domain, and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain. BLAST searches show that the highest amino acid sequence identity between the capsid proteins of MfIV1 and those of other reported iflaviruses is 60.22%, indicating that MfIV1 is a new member in the family Iflaviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Xiao
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chunmin Zhang
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Keliang Lv
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Danfeng Ge
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Renyi Liu
- Center for Agroforestry Mega Data Science, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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In Silico Three-Dimensional (3D) Modeling of the SecY Protein of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani’ Strains Associated with Grapevine “Bois Noir” and Its Possible Relationship with Strain Virulence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb13020004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine “bois noir”, related to the presence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (‘Ca. P. solani’), represents a serious threat in several vine-growing areas worldwide. In surveys conducted over two years, mild and/or moderate symptoms and lower pathogen titer were mainly associated with ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains harboring a secY gene sequence variant (secY52), whereas severe symptoms and higher titer were mainly observed in grapevines infected by phytoplasma strains carrying any one of another four variants. A comparison of amino acid sequences of the protein SecY of ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains revealed the presence of conservative and semi-conservative substitutions. The deduced three-dimensional (3D) protein analysis unveiled that one semi-conservative substitution identified in the sequence variant secY52 is responsible for a structural disordered region that probably confers a flexibility for binding to distinct molecular complexes. In fact, the other analyzed variants show an organized structure and the 3D in silico prediction allowed the identification of β-sheets. Thus, differences in symptom severity and pathogen concentration observed in grapevines infected by ‘Ca. P. solani’ strains carrying distinct secY gene sequence variants suggest a possible relationship between SecY protein structure and phytoplasma strain virulence.
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Tan CM, Lin YC, Li JR, Chien YY, Wang CJ, Chou L, Wang CW, Chiu YC, Kuo CH, Yang JY. Accelerating Complete Phytoplasma Genome Assembly by Immunoprecipitation-Based Enrichment and MinION-Based DNA Sequencing for Comparative Analyses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:766221. [PMID: 34858377 PMCID: PMC8632452 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.766221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are uncultivated plant-pathogenic bacteria with agricultural importance. Those belonging to the 16SrII group, represented by 'Candidatus P. aurantifolia', have a wide range of plant hosts and cause significant yield losses in valuable crops, such as pear, sweet potato, peanut, and soybean. In this study, a method that combines immunoprecipitation-based enrichment and MinION long-read DNA sequencing was developed to solve the challenge of phytoplasma genome studies. This approach produced long reads with high mapping rates and high genomic coverage that can be combined with Illumina reads to produce complete genome assemblies with high accuracy. We applied this method to strain NCHU2014 and determined its complete genome sequence, which consists of one circular chromosome with 635,584 bp and one plasmid with 4,224 bp. Although 'Ca. P. aurantifolia' NCHU2014 has a small chromosome with only 471 protein-coding genes, it contains 33 transporter genes and 27 putative effector genes, which may contribute to obtaining nutrients from hosts and manipulating host developments for their survival and multiplication. Two effectors, the homologs of SAP11 and SAP54/PHYL1 identified in 'Ca. P. aurantifolia' NCHU2014, have the biochemical activities in destabilizing host transcription factors, which can explain the disease symptoms observed in infected plants. Taken together, this study provides the first complete genome available for the 16SrII phytoplasmas and contributes to the understanding of phytoplasma pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Meng Tan
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Rong Li
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yu Chien
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jui Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lin Chou
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chiu
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Al-Subhi AM, Al-Yahyai RA, Al-Sadi AM. Association of the 16SrII-D Phytoplasma with African Marigold ( Tagetes erecta) Phyllody in Oman. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:27-30. [PMID: 32706323 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-20-1431-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) is an ornamental, herbaceous plant commonly found in Oman. In 2019, African marigold plants showing phyllody and virescence symptoms, which are typical symptoms of phytoplasmas disease, were found in at Sultan Qaboos University in Oman. Transmission electron microscopy of marigold leaf midrib from phyllody disease plants showed the presence of numerous phytoplasma bodies in the sieve tube of all of the symptomatic samples. DNA was extracted from asymptomatic and symptomatic marigold plant samples, followed by PCR of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and imp genes. The PCR assays showed that the symptomatic plants are positive for phytoplasma. The DNA sequence analysis and phylogenetic trees showed that the 16S rDNA and imp gene sequences from all marigold phyllody strains shared 100% sequence identity to 16SrII-D subgroup sequences in the GenBank. This is the first report of a phytoplasma of the 16SrII-D subgroup associated with the African marigold (T. erecta) worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Al-Subhi
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - Rashid A Al-Yahyai
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - Abdullah M Al-Sadi
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Al Khod 123, Oman
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Murolo S, Garbarino M, Mancini V, Romanazzi G. Spatial pattern of Bois noir: case study of a delicate balance between disease progression and recovery. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9801. [PMID: 32555207 PMCID: PMC7300118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bois noir (BN) is the most important phytoplasma disease of Euro-Mediterranean area and induces severe loss of production and even the death of vines. Understanding the delicate balance between disease progression and recovery of BN infected plants over space and time is crucial to set up management tools. The data collected and analysed allowed to provide insights into dispersal pattern of the disease, caused by’Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’. Point pattern analysis (PPA) was applied to assess the spatial arrangement of symptomatic plants and the spatial correlation of disease levels in four vineyards. For spatio-temporal patterns of BN, a mark-correlation function was applied. Space-time PPA over multiple years (2011–2015) provided graphical visualisation of grapevines more severely affected by BN along the borders of the vineyards, mainly in 2011 when disease incidence was high. PPA across the symptomatic plants in the four vineyards confirmed this visual trend: an overall aggregated pattern at small (<10 m) spatial scales (2013) that were more evident later at all spatial scales (0–15 m). Application of this innovative spatial approach based on point and surface pattern analyses allowed the spread and severity of BN to be monitored, to define the dispersal routes of the pathogen. Such data will contribute to better understand the distribution of symptomatic plants over space and time and to define a model for preventive strategies to reduce future infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Murolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Garbarino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Mancini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.
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Negro C, Sabella E, Nicolì F, Pierro R, Materazzi A, Panattoni A, Aprile A, Nutricati E, Vergine M, Miceli A, De Bellis L, Luvisi A. Biochemical Changes in Leaves of Vitis vinifera cv. Sangiovese Infected by Bois Noir Phytoplasma. Pathogens 2020; 9:E269. [PMID: 32272699 PMCID: PMC7238227 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bois noir is a disease associated with the presence of phytoplasma 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' belonging to the Stolbur group (subgroup 16SrXII-A), which has a heavy economic impact on grapevines. This study focused on the changes induced by phytoplasma in terms of the profile and amount of secondary metabolites synthesized in the phenylpropanoid pathway in leaves of Vitis vinifera L. red-berried cultivar Sangiovese. Metabolic alterations were assessed according to the disease progression through measurements of soluble sugars, chlorophyll, and phenolic compounds produced by plant hosts, in response to disease on symptomatic and asymptomatic Bois noir-positive plants. Significant differences were revealed in the amount of soluble sugars, chlorophyll, and accumulation/reduction of some compounds synthesized in the phenylpropanoid pathway of Bois noir-positive and negative grapevine leaves. Our results showed a marked increase in phenolic and flavonoid production and a parallel decrease in lignin content in Bois noir-positive compared to negative leaves. Interestingly, some parameters (chlorophyll a, soluble sugars, total phenolic or flavonoids content, proanthocyanidins, quercetin) differed between Bois noir-positive and negative leaves regardless of symptoms, indicating measurable biochemical changes in asymptomatic leaves. Our grapevine cultivar Sangiovese results highlighted an extensive modulation of the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway as a defense mechanism activated by the host plant in response to Bois noir disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Negro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Erika Sabella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Francesca Nicolì
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Roberto Pierro
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alberto Materazzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandra Panattoni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessio Aprile
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Eliana Nutricati
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Marzia Vergine
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Antonio Miceli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (C.N.); (E.S.); (A.A.); (E.N.); (M.V.); (A.M.); (L.D.B.); (A.L.)
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Pierro R, Panattoni A, Passera A, Materazzi A, Luvisi A, Loni A, Ginanni M, Lucchi A, Bianco PA, Quaglino F. Proposal of A New Bois Noir Epidemiological Pattern Related to ' Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani' Strains Characterized by A Possible Moderate Virulence in Tuscany. Pathogens 2020; 9:E268. [PMID: 32272713 PMCID: PMC7238118 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bois noir (BN), associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' (CaPsol), is the most widespread disease of the grapevine yellows complex worldwide. In this work, BN epidemiology was investigated in a case study vineyard where an unusual CaPsol strain, previously detected only in other host plants, was found to be prevalent in grapevine. Experimental activities included: symptom observation; sampling of symptomatic vines, Auchenorrhyncha specimens, and weeds; molecular detection and typing of CaPsol strains; statistical analyses for determining possible relationships between CaPsol relative concentration, strain type, and symptom severity. Among insects, Reptalus quinquecostatus was the most abundant and was found to be highly infected by CaPsol, while Hyalesthes obsoletus, the main CaPsol vector, was not caught. Moreover, R. quinquecostatus harbored CaPsol strains carrying uniquely the stamp sequence variant St10, also identified as prevalent in vines and in the majority of weeds, and all the secY variants identified in the vineyard. Statistical analyses revealed that CaPsol strains carrying the St10 variant are not associated with severe symptoms, suggesting their possible moderate virulence. Based on such evidence, a new BN epidemiological pattern related to these CaPsol strains and involving grapevine, R. quinquecostatus, and/or weeds is proposed. Furthermore, the possible presence of other players (vectors and weeds) involved in CaPsol transmission to grapevines was highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pierro
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Alessandra Panattoni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Alessandro Passera
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (F.Q.)
| | - Alberto Materazzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Augusto Loni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Marco Ginanni
- Agro-Environmental Research Center “Enrico Avanzi” (CiRAA), University of Pisa, via Vecchia di Marina 6, 56122 Pisa Italy;
| | - Andrea Lucchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.P.); (A.P.); (A.M.); (A.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Piero Attilio Bianco
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (F.Q.)
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Quaglino
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.P.); (F.Q.)
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Huliaieva H, Tokovenko I, Pasichnyk L, Patyka V. Influence of artificial inoculation by strains of phytopathogenic microorganisms isolated from different sources on physyological and biochemical parameters of galega orientalis plants. SCIENCERISE: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.15587/2519-8025.2019.187221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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