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Mavroeidis A, Stavropoulos P, Papadopoulos G, Tsela A, Roussis I, Kakabouki I. Alternative Crops for the European Tobacco Industry: A Systematic Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:236. [PMID: 38256796 PMCID: PMC10818552 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a major industrial crop that has being cultivated for centuries for the manufacturing of cigarettes, cigars, and other smoking products. Due to its negative effects on both human health and the environment, the European Union has adopted strict policies that aspire to reduce the consumption of tobacco. Herbal cigarettes are alternative smoking products that are often advertised as healthier than conventional tobacco cigarettes and are especially popular in Asian markets. Even though the available literature suggests that they are equally detrimental to human health, the introduction of tobacco-alternative crops (TACs) to the European tobacco industry could smoothen the abandonment of tobacco, and eventually smoking products altogether, in the EU. The aim of the present systematic review was to compile a list of possible TACs that could be incorporated in the European smoking industry, and highlight their strengths and weaknesses. The most dominant crops in the literature (and in the existing market products) were calendula (Calendula officinalis L.), mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.), ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.), tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), and mentha (Mentha spp.). Even though these crops are promising, further research is required for their incorporation in the European tobacco industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ioanna Kakabouki
- Laboratory of Agronomy, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 118 55 Athens, Greece; (A.M.); (P.S.); (G.P.); (A.T.); (I.R.)
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Clarke C, Richter BS, Rathinasabapathi B. Genetic and morphological characterization of United States tea ( Camellia sinensis): insights into crop history, breeding strategies, and regional adaptability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1149682. [PMID: 37251750 PMCID: PMC10213625 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1149682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Multiple introductions of tea (Camellia sinensis) to the United States since the 1850s have resulted in US tea germplasm that are currently poorly characterized. To resolve questions concerning the relatedness and regional adaptability of US tea germplasm, 32 domestic individuals were evaluated using 10 InDel markers, and compared with a background population of 30 named and registered Chinese varieties of tea. The marker data were analyzed via a neighbor-joining cladistic tree derived from Nei's genetic distance, STRUCTURE, and Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components, which revealed four genetic groups. Nineteen individuals selected from the four groups were assessed for seven leaf traits, two floral descriptors, and leaf yield, to identify plants best adapted to Florida field conditions. Our analyses compared with available historical records led us to estimate the most likely provenance of some of the US individuals, to precisely identify tea plant material and to choose most diverse accessions for breeding tea improved for adaptability, yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Clarke
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - Bala Rathinasabapathi
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Zaman S, Shen J, Wang S, Song D, Wang H, Ding S, Pang X, Wang M, Sabir IA, Wang Y, Ding Z. Effect of shading on physiological attributes and comparative transcriptome analysis of Camellia sinensis cultivar reveals tolerance mechanisms to low temperatures. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1114988. [PMID: 36818843 PMCID: PMC9931901 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1114988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tea is a vital beverage crop all over the world, including in China. Low temperatures restrict its growth, development, and terrestrial distribution, and cold event variability worsens cold damage. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms of Camellia sinensis under shade in winter remain unclear. In our study, tea leaves were utilized for physiological attributes and transcriptome analysis in November and December in three shading groups and no-shade control plants. When compared to the no-shade control plants, the shading group protected tea leaves from cold damage, increased photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and soil plant analysis development (SPAD), and sustained chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents by physiological mean. Then, transcriptome analysis revealed 20,807 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and transcription factors (TFs) in November and December. A comparative study of transcriptome resulted in 3,523 DEGs and many TFs under SD0% vs. SD30%, SD0% vs. SD60%, and SD0% vs. SD75% of shading in November and December. Statistically, 114 DEGs were downregulated and 72 were upregulated under SD0% vs. SD30%. SD0% vs. SD60% resulted in 154 DEGs, with 60 downregulated and 94 upregulated. Similarly, there were 505 DEGs of which 244 were downregulated and 263 were upregulated under SD0% vs. SD75% of shading throughout November. However, 279 DEGs were downregulated and 105 were upregulated under SD0% vs. SD30%. SD0% vs. SD60% resulted in 296 DEGs, with 172 downregulated and 124 upregulated. Finally, 2,173 DEGs were regulated in December, with 1,428 downregulated and 745 upregulated under SD0% vs. SD75%. These indicate that the number of downregulated DEGs in December was higher than the number of upregulated DEGs in November during low temperatures. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of differentially expressed genes were highly regulated in the photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. However, qRT-PCR and RNA-seq relative expression of photosynthetic (DEGs) Lhcb2 in both November and December, plant hormone (DEGs) BRI1 and JAZ in November and IAA and ERF1 in December, and key DEGs of MAPK signal transduction FLS2, CHIB, and MPK4 in November and RBOH, MKK4_5, and MEKK1 in December in three shading groups and no-shade control plants responded to tea cold tolerance. The enhanced expression of light-harvesting photosystem I gene Lhca5, light-harvesting photosystem II gene Lhcb2, and mitogen-activated protein kinases MEKK1 and MPK4/6 enhance the cold-tolerance mechanism of C. sinensis. These comprehensive transcriptomic findings are significant for furthering our understanding of the genes and underlying regulatory mechanisms of shade-mediated low-temperature stress tolerance in horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Zaman
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jiazhi Shen
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Dapeng Song
- Tea Research Institute, Rizhao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rizhao, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Rizhao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rizhao, China
| | - Shibo Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Rizhao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rizhao, China
| | - Xu Pang
- Tea Research Institute, Rizhao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rizhao, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Rizhao Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rizhao, China
| | - Irfan Ali Sabir
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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D’Auria JC, Cohen SP, Leung J, Glockzin K, Glockzin KM, Gervay-Hague J, Zhang D, Meinhardt LW. United States tea: A synopsis of ongoing tea research and solutions to United States tea production issues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:934651. [PMID: 36212324 PMCID: PMC9538180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.934651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tea is a steeped beverage made from the leaves of Camellia sinensis. Globally, this healthy, caffeine-containing drink is one of the most widely consumed beverages. At least 50 countries produce tea and most of the production information and tea research is derived from international sources. Here, we discuss information related to tea production, genetics, and chemistry as well as production issues that affect or are likely to affect emerging tea production and research in the United States. With this review, we relay current knowledge on tea production, threats to tea production, and solutions to production problems to inform this emerging market in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. D’Auria
- Metabolic Diversity Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Stephen P. Cohen
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Jason Leung
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Kayla Glockzin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kyle Mark Glockzin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Gervay-Hague
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Lyndel W. Meinhardt
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Wang C, Nie C, Du X, Xu W, Zhang X, Tan X, Li Q, Bian J, Li P. Evaluation of sensory and safety quality characteristics of “high mountain tea”. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:3338-3354. [PMID: 36249988 PMCID: PMC9548367 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High mountain tea (HT) is widely acknowledged as an essential resource of high‐quality tea due to its adaptation to superior ecological environments. In this study, the sensory (aroma and taste) and safety (heavy metals and pesticide residues) characteristics of HT were characterized through sensory evaluation, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS), flavor activity value, and risk factor analysis. The results elucidated that the aroma sensory characteristics of HT were tender and green, accompanied by sweet and slight chestnut. A total of 8 aroma compounds were identified as the primary substances contributing to the unique aroma characteristics; the difference in the ratio of "green substances" and "chestnut substances" might be the reason for different aroma characteristics in HT and LT (low mountain tea). The taste sensory characteristics of HT were high in freshness and sweetness but low in bitterness and astringency. The high content of soluble sugar (SS), nonester catechins, sweet free amino acids, and low content of caffeine and tea polyphenols were the primary reasons for its taste characteristics. Low temperature stress might be the most fundamental reason for flavor characteristics formation in HT. Furthermore, the pollution risks of 5 heavy metals and 50 pesticide residues in HT were less than 1. The complex ecosystem and low chemical control level were speculated to be the primary reasons for the high safety quality of HT. Overall, these findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of quality characteristics and their formation mechanisms in HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong‐ming Wang
- Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu China
| | - Cong‐ning Nie
- Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Xiao Du
- Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu China
| | - Wei Xu
- Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Chengdu China
| | | | - Qian Li
- Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
| | | | - Pin‐wu Li
- Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu China
- Tea Refining and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu China
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Zeng W, Lao S, Guo Y, Wu Y, Huang M, Tomlinson B, Zhong G. The Influence of EGCG on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Bisoprolol and a New Method for Simultaneous Determination of EGCG and Bisoprolol in Rat Plasma. Front Nutr 2022; 9:907986. [PMID: 35711541 PMCID: PMC9193186 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.907986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Research has shown that green tea catechins may influence the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. We examined whether epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) affected the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of bisoprolol in rats. Methods A sensitive, specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was established for the quantitative determination of EGCG and bisoprolol. The pharmacokinetic parameters of EGCG and bisoprolol in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were analyzed using non-compartmental methods with the aid of the computer program WinNolin. Blood pressure (BP) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) was monitored by the tail-cuff method. Bisoprolol was given as single doses of 10 mg/kg with or without EGCG 100 mg/kg by gavage or by intravenous injection. Results Intake of EGCG with bisoprolol by gavage significantly reduced the Cmax (mean Cmax from 2012.31 to 942.26 ng/mL, P < 0.05) and increased the Tmax (mean Tmax from 0.5 to 0.83 h, P < 0.01) for bisoprolol. After intravenous injection, EGCG significantly increased the apparent volume of distribution of bisoprolol (mean Vz/F from 1629.62 to 2473.27 mL/Kg, P < 0.05) and tended to increase the clearance. The absolute bioavailability of bisoprolol was reduced from 92.04 to 66.05% in rats when bisoprolol was administered with EGCG. Heart rate reduction was less in SHRs when EGCG was given by gavage with bisoprolol whereas BP reduction occurred more rapidly. Conclusion This study showed that the simultaneous administration of EGCG by gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg was associated with decreased Cmax and increased Tmax of bisoprolol, and the Vz/F of bisoprolol was increased when administered with EGCG by intravenous injection in SD rats. Moreover, the early heart rate reduction with bisoprolol was attenuated and BP reduction occurred earlier when EGCG was given with bisoprolol by gavage in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zeng
- The Second People's Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sixian Lao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- Brian Tomlinson ; orcid.org/0000-0001-6717-5444
| | - Guoping Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoping Zhong
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Nguyen MH, Nguyen TD, Vu MT, Duong HA, Pham HV. Determination of Glyphosate, Glufosinate, and Their Major Metabolites in Tea Infusions by Dual-Channel Capillary Electrophoresis following Solid-Phase Extraction. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:5687025. [PMID: 35402060 PMCID: PMC8993582 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5687025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two analytical procedures were developed and validated using dual-channel capillary electrophoresis-coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D) followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) for simultaneous determination of glyphosate (GLYP), glufosinate (GLUF), and their two major metabolites, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and 3-(methylphosphinico) propionic acid (MPPA), respectively, in a popular beverage such as tea infusions. GLYP, GLUF, and AMPA were analyzed in the first channel using background electrolyte (BGE) of 1 mM histidine (His) adjusted to pH 2.75 by acetic acid (Ace). In contrast, MPPA was quantified in the second channel with a BGE of 30 mM His adjusted to pH 6.7 by 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) and 10 µM of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). In addition, the samples of tea infusions were treated using SPE with 10 mL of 0.5 mM HCl in methanol as eluent. At the optimized conditions, the method detection limit (MDL) of GLYP, GLUF, AMPA, and MPPA is 0.80, 1.56, 0.56, and 0.54 μg/l, respectively. The methods were then applied to analyze four target compounds in 16 samples of tea infusions. GLYP was found in two infusion samples of oolong tea with concentrations ranging from 5.34 to 10.74 µg/L, and GLUF was recognized in three samples of green tea infusion in the range of 45.1-53.9 µg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Huy Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Dam Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Tuan Vu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hong Anh Duong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hung Viet Pham
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science (VNU-HUS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Zhang Q, Bi G, Li T, Wang Q, Xing Z, LeCompte J, Harkess RL. Color Shade Nets Affect Plant Growth and Seasonal Leaf Quality of Camellia sinensis Grown in Mississippi, the United States. Front Nutr 2022; 9:786421. [PMID: 35187030 PMCID: PMC8847693 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.786421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Shading modifies the microenvironment and can provide plants with some protection from frequent heat, drought, frost, and hail induced by climate change and has the potential to improve plant growth, yield, and quality. Tea (Camellia sinensis) is an ancient plant originating from tropical and subtropical regions and prefers to grow in partial shade under the forest canopy. The emerging tea industry in the United States (US) requires research support on establishing tea fields in novel environmental conditions as well as on producing high-quality tea products. This study investigated the effects of black, blue, and red shade nets on tea plant growth and seasonal leaf qualities in the southeastern US with a humid subtropical climate. When compared to no-shade control, black, blue, and red shade nets increased plant growth index (PGI), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and stomatal conductance (gs), decreased air and leaf surface temperatures in summer, and reduced cold damage in winter. No significant difference was found among the black, blue, and red shade nets on tea plant growth. Varying contents of total polyphenols, carbohydrates, free amino acids, L-theanine, gallic acid, caffeine, and catechins in fresh tea leaves were observed among different shade treatments and harvesting seasons. 69.58% of the variations were depicted in a biplot by principal component analysis. Red shade was considered helpful for improving green tea quality by increasing the content of L-theanine and free amino acids in tea leaves collected in spring and fall when compared to no-shade control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Zhang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Guihong Bi
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
- *Correspondence: Guihong Bi
| | - Tongyin Li
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Qiushuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiheng Xing
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Judson LeCompte
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Richard L. Harkess
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
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Wang Y, Gao W, Li Y, Xiao Y, Song W, Yao T, Cheng M, Wang W, Hou R. Establishment of a HPLC-MS/MS Detection Method for Glyphosate, Glufosinate-Ammonium, and Aminomethyl Phosphoric Acid in Tea and Its Use for Risk Exposure Assessment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7969-7978. [PMID: 34232658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The tea shrub is grown in long-standing orchards, an environment that is suitable for persistent weed growth, which is increasingly controlled by herbicides. Therefore, there is increasing concern that tea consumers may be exposed to herbicide residues. In this study, the levels of glufosinate-ammonium (GLU), glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine; PMG], and its metabolite aminomethyl phosphoric acid (AMPA) were determined in tea samples by HPLC-MS/MS using several current purification methods and a new method that we developed herein. The matrix effect of our proposed method was between -27.3 and 27.7%, which was lower than that in other methods, indicating that this method effectively reduced the interference of tea matrix in the mass spectrometry process. This method was used to determine the levels of PMG, GLU, and AMPA in 780 samples, including six traditional Chinese teas (green tea, black tea, oolong tea, dark tea, white tea, and yellow tea) and a floral tea, from 14 provinces of China. Probability estimates showed that the 95th percentile risk entropy values of the three pesticide residues were far below the acceptable risk level. The risk assessment results showed that exposure to PMG, GLU, and AMPA caused by drinking tea beverages poses no significant risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Analysis and Testing Center, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245000, China
| | - Wanjun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yeyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Hefei Customs District Technical Center, Anhui Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Wei Song
- Hefei Customs District Technical Center, Anhui Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Ting Yao
- Analysis and Testing Center, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245000, China
| | - Manhuan Cheng
- Analysis and Testing Center, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245000, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Huangshan University, Huangshan 245000, China
| | - Ruyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; School of Tea and Food Science & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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10
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Tibpromma S, Dong Y, Ranjitkar S, Schaefer DA, Karunarathna SC, Hyde KD, Jayawardena RS, Manawasinghe IS, Bebber DP, Promputtha I, Xu J, Mortimer PE, Sheng J. Climate-Fungal Pathogen Modeling Predicts Loss of Up to One-Third of Tea Growing Areas. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:610567. [PMID: 33996616 PMCID: PMC8116803 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.610567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change will affect numerous crops in the future; however, perennial crops, such as tea, are particularly vulnerable. Climate change will also strongly influence fungal pathogens. Here, we predict how future climatic conditions will impact tea and its associated pathogens. We collected data on the three most important fungal pathogens of tea (Colletotrichum acutatum, Co. camelliae, and Exobasidium vexans) and then modeled distributions of tea and these fungal pathogens using current and projected climates. The models show that baseline tea-growing areas will become unsuitable for Camellia sinensis var. sinensis (15 to 32% loss) and C. sinensis var. assamica (32 to 34% loss) by 2050. Although new areas will become more suitable for tea cultivation, existing and potentially new fungal pathogens will present challenges in these areas, and they are already under other land-use regimes. In addition, future climatic scenarios suitable range of fungal species and tea suitable cultivation (respectively in CSS and CSA) growing areas are Co. acutatum (44.30%; 31.05%), Co. camelliae (13.10%; 10.70%), and E. vexans (10.20%; 11.90%). Protecting global tea cultivation requires innovative approaches that consider fungal genomics as part and parcel of plant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowaluck Tibpromma
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China.,World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China.,Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming, China
| | - Sailesh Ranjitkar
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China.,N. Gene Solution of Natural Innovation, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Douglas A Schaefer
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
| | - Samantha C Karunarathna
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China.,World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China.,Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China
| | - Kevin D Hyde
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China.,Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | | | - Ishara S Manawasinghe
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Daniel P Bebber
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Itthayakorn Promputtha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jianchu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China.,World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China.,Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China
| | - Peter E Mortimer
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Sheng
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Belous O, Platonova N. Biologically active substances of Camellia sinensis in a humid subtropical climate of Russia. POTRAVINARSTVO 2021. [DOI: 10.5219/1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We did a comparative analysis of tea and raw tea materials. There is an increase in the content of carotenoids and flavonoids (thearubigins and theaflavins) in June, a decline in July, and August, and consequently a slight increase again in other months. The increase is due to unfavorable conditions – drought during these periods. In raw new variety forms No. 855 and No. 582, as well as in black tea variety form No. 582 (0.09 mg.g-1), we determined the high value of theaflavins (0.10; 0.11 and 0.09 mg.g-1, respectively). The highest content of thearubigins was found in variety forms No. 582 and No. 3823 (1.33 mg.g-1 and 1.17 mg.g-1). Ascorbic acid is significantly disintegrated (on average 96 – 97%) in the production of black tea. In green tea, ascorbic acid disintegrates to a lesser extent, leaving about 13% of its initial amount in the raw material. The dynamics of GPOD activity in a 3-leaf sprout are variety-specific. At the beginning of the growing season (May), the activity of the enzyme was low – in the range of 0.363 to 0.607 g-unit in sec. In June, there is a decrease in activity, which, however, is not significant (p <0.05) and is due to the biological characteristics of the tea culture. In green tea, the ruthine is on average 3 times more than in black tea (on average about 38.09 and 12.12 mg.100g-1, respectively). We have identified 11 amino acids; the highest percentage accounted for proline (from 30 to 70%), valine (17 – 30%), and serine (about 10%). We have identified 11 amino acids in Krasnodar tea, a large proportion of these amino acids has proline, valine, and serine. There was a variation in the content of biologically active substances depending on genotype characteristics. Studies have identified some controversial issues that require explanation and further study.
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A Leaf Disc Assay for Evaluating the Response of Tea ( Camellia sinensis) to PEG-Induced Osmotic Stress and Protective Effects of Azoxystrobin against Drought. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030546. [PMID: 33805801 PMCID: PMC8001994 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis), a globally cultivated beverage crop, is sensitive to drought, which can have an adverse effect on the yield and quality of tea. Azoxystrobin (AZ) is one kind of fungicide considered as an agent to relieve damage caused by stress. Initially, the response of tea plant to osmotic-gradient stress was evaluated using leaf disc assays with PEG-induced osmotic stress. The decline of the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), actual photosynthetic efficiency of PS II (Y(II)), total chlorophylls, carotenoids, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, reducing power, total phenols, and the increase in MDA was observed in leaf discs treated with a gradient of PEG solutions (22.8, 33.2, 41.1% PEG, and blank). These results revealed that efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant ability in leaf discs were inhibited with an aggravated lipid peroxidation under PEG-induced osmotic stress, and indicated leaf disc assay with moderate PEG iso-osmotic condition would reflect a portion of tea plant response to drought stress. Therefore, the protective effect of AZ (0.125 and 1.25 g a.i. L−1) on tea plants suffering from drought was evaluated using leaf disc assays with 22.8% PEG iso-osmotic condition. Pretreatment of AZ (0.125 a.i. g L−1) reversed Fv/Fm, Y(II), DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and reducing power with reduced MDA in PEG-treated leaf discs, but photosynthetic pigments, total phenols, and ascorbate peroxidase activity were irresponsive to AZ. An Alleviated physiological damage in tea leaf with AZ applying was preliminarily revealed in this study. A Rapid screening of agents for tea plants against drought was developed to assist in the selection of protective agents.
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