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Atsbeha G, Mekonnen T, Kebede M, Haileselassie T, Goodwin SB, Tesfaye K. Genetic architecture of adult-plant resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) association panel. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1256770. [PMID: 38130484 PMCID: PMC10733515 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1256770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a severe disease in wheat worldwide, including Ethiopia, causing up to 100% wheat yield loss in the worst season. The use of resistant cultivars is considered to be the most effective and durable management technique for controlling the disease. Therefore, the present study targeted the genetic architecture of adult plant resistance to yellow rust in 178 wheat association panels. The panel was phenotyped for yellow rust adult-plant resistance at three locations. Phonological, yield, yield-related, and agro-morphological traits were recorded. The association panel was fingerprinted using the genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) platform, and a total of 6,788 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used for genome-wide association analysis to identify effective yellow rust resistance genes. The marker-trait association analysis was conducted using the Genome Association and Prediction Integrated Tool (GAPIT). The broad-sense heritability for the considered traits ranged from 74.52% to 88.64%, implying the presence of promising yellow rust resistance alleles in the association panel that could be deployed to improve wheat resistance to the disease. The overall linkage disequilibrium (LD) declined within an average physical distance of 31.44 Mbp at r2 = 0.2. Marker-trait association (MTA) analysis identified 148 loci significantly (p = 0.001) associated with yellow rust adult-plant resistance. Most of the detected resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were located on the same chromosomes as previously reported QTLs for yellow rust resistance and mapped on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 3D, 4A, 4B, 4D, 5A, 5B, 6A, 6B, 7A, and 7D. However, 12 of the discovered MTAs were not previously documented in the wheat literature, suggesting that they could represent novel loci for stripe rust resistance. Zooming into the QTL regions in IWGSC RefSeq Annotation v1 identified crucial disease resistance-associated genes that are key in plants' defense mechanisms against pathogen infections. The detected QTLs will be helpful for marker-assisted breeding of wheat to increase resistance to stripe rust. Generally, the present study identified putative QTLs for field resistance to yellow rust and some important agronomic traits. Most of the discovered QTLs have been reported previously, indicating the potential to improve wheat resistance to yellow rust by deploying the QTLs discovered by marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genet Atsbeha
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Mekonnen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Kebede
- Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Stephen B. Goodwin
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kassahun Tesfaye
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Bio and Emerging Technology Institute. Affiliated with the Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa, University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Feng J, Yao F, Wang M, See DR, Chen X. Molecular Mapping of Yr85 and Comparison with Other Genes for Resistance to Stripe Rust on Wheat Chromosome 1B. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3585-3591. [PMID: 37221244 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2600-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most serious plant diseases worldwide. Resistant cultivars are the most effective way to control the disease. YrTr1 is an important stripe rust resistance gene that has been used in wheat breeding programs and is represented in the host differential set to identify P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races in the United States. To map YrTr1, AvSYrTr1NIL was backcrossed to its recurrent parent Avocet S (AvS). Seedlings of BC7F2, BC7F3, and BC8F1 populations were tested with YrTr1-avirulent races under controlled conditions, and BC7F2 plants were genotyped using simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. YrTr1 was mapped to the short arm of chromosome 1B using four SSR and seven SNP markers. The genetic distances of YrTr1 from the nearest flanking markers IWA2583 and IWA7480 were 1.8 and 1.3 centimorgans (cM), respectively. DNA amplification of a set of 21 Chinese Spring (CS) nulli-tetrasomic lines and seven CS 1B deletion lines with three SSR markers confirmed the chromosome arm location and further placed the gene in chromosomal bin region 1BS18 (0.5). The gene was determined to be about 7.4 cM proximal to Yr10. Based on multirace response array and chromosomal location, YrTr1 was determined to be different from other permanently named stripe rust resistance genes in chromosome arm 1BS and was named Yr85.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Feng
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610061, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Fangjie Yao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement in Southwestern China, Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610061, China
| | - Meinan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Deven R See
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
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Yan Q, Jia G, Tan W, Tian R, Zheng X, Feng J, Luo X, Si B, Li X, Huang K, Wang M, Chen X, Ren Y, Yang S, Zhou X. Genome-wide QTL mapping for stripe rust resistance in spring wheat line PI 660122 using the Wheat 15K SNP array. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1232897. [PMID: 37701804 PMCID: PMC10493333 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1232897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Stripe rust is a global disease of wheat. Identification of new resistance genes is key to developing and growing resistant varieties for control of the disease. Wheat line PI 660122 has exhibited a high level of stripe rust resistance for over a decade. However, the genetics of stripe rust resistance in this line has not been studied. A set of 239 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed from a cross between PI 660122 and an elite Chinese cultivar Zhengmai 9023. Methods The RIL population was phenotyped for stripe rust response in three field environments and genotyped with the Wheat 15K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. Results A total of nine quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for stripe rust resistance were mapped to chromosomes 1B (one QTL), 2B (one QTL), 4B (two QTLs), 4D (two QTLs), 6A (one QTL), 6D (one QTL), and 7D (one QTL), of which seven QTLs were stable and designated as QYrPI660122.swust-4BS, QYrPI660122.swust-4BL, QYrPI660122.swust-4DS, QYrPI660122.swust-4DL, QYrZM9023.swust-6AS, QYrZM9023.swust-6DS, and QYrPI660122.swust-7DS. QYrPI660122.swust-4DS was a major all-stage resistance QTL explaining the highest percentage (10.67%-20.97%) of the total phenotypic variation and was mapped to a 12.15-cM interval flanked by SNP markers AX-110046962 and AX-111093894 on chromosome 4DS. Discussion The QTL and their linked SNP markers in this study can be used in wheat breeding to improve resistance to stripe rust. In addition, 26 lines were selected based on stripe rust resistance and agronomic traits in the field for further selection and release of new cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yan
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Guoyun Jia
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjing Tan
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Ran Tian
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaochen Zheng
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Junming Feng
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqin Luo
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Binfan Si
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Kebing Huang
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Meinan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Yong Ren
- Crop Characteristic Resources Creation and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Institute of Agricultural Science, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Suizhuang Yang
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinli Zhou
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
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Li Y, Liu L, Wang M, Ruff T, See DR, Hu X, Chen X. Characterization and Molecular Mapping of a Gene Conferring High-Temperature Adult-Plant Resistance to Stripe Rust Originally from Aegilops ventricosa. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:431-442. [PMID: 35852900 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-22-1419-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wheat near-isogenic line AvSYr17NIL carrying Yr17, originally from Aegilops ventricosa for all-stage resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, also shows nonrace-specific, high-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance to the stripe rust pathogen. To separate and identify the HTAP resistance gene, seeds of AvSYr17NIL were treated with ethyl methanesulfonate. Mutant lines with only HTAP resistance were obtained, and one of the lines, M1225, was crossed with the susceptible recurrent parent Avocet S (AvS). Field responses of the F2 plants and F3 lines, together with the parents, were recorded at the adult-plant stage in Pullman and Mount Vernon, WA under natural P. striiformis f. sp. tritici infection. The parents and the F4 population were phenotyped with a Yr17-virulent P. striiformis f. sp. tritici race in the adult-plant stage under the high-temperature profile in the greenhouse. The phenotypic results were confirmed by testing the F5 population in the field under natural P. striiformis f. sp. tritici infection. The F2 data indicated a single recessive gene, temporarily named YrM1225, for HTAP resistance. The F4 lines were genotyped with Kompetitive allele-specific PCR markers converted from single-nucleotide polymorphism markers polymorphic between M1225 and AvS. The HTAP resistance gene was mapped on the short arm of chromosome 2A in an interval of 7.5 centimorgans using both linkage and quantitative trait locus mapping approaches. The separation of the HTAP resistance gene from Yr17 should improve the understanding and utilization of the different types of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Meinan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Travis Ruff
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Deven R See
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
- United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
- United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
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Shahinnia F, Mohler V, Hartl L. Genetic Basis of Resistance to Warrior (-) Yellow Rust Race at the Seedling Stage in Current Central and Northern European Winter Wheat Germplasm. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:420. [PMID: 36771509 PMCID: PMC9920722 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate genetic variability and seedling plant response to a dominating Warrior (-) race of yellow rust in Northern and Central European germplasm, we used a population of 229 winter wheat cultivars and breeding lines for a genome-wide association study (GWAS). A wide variation in yellow rust disease severity (based on infection types 1-9) was observed in this panel. Four breeding lines, TS049 (from Austria), TS111, TS185, and TS229 (from Germany), and one cultivar, TS158 (KWS Talent), from Germany were found to be resistant to Warrior (-) FS 53/20 and Warrior (-) G 23/19. The GWAS identified five significant SNPs associated with yellow rust on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 5B, and 7A for Warrior (-) FS 53/20, while one SNP on chromosome 5B was associated with disease for Warrior (-) G 23/19. For Warrior (-) FS 53/20, we discovered a new QTL for yellow rust resistance associated with the marker Kukri_c5357_323 on chromosome 1B. The resistant alleles G and T at the marker loci Kukri_c5357_323 on chromosome 1B and Excalibur_c17489_804 on chromosome 5B showed the largest effects (1.21 and 0.81, respectively) on the severity of Warrior (-) FS 53/20 and Warrior (-) G 23/19. Our results provide the basis for knowledge-based resistance breeding in the face of the enormous impact of the Warrior (-) race on wheat production in Europe.
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Singh J, Chhabra B, Raza A, Yang SH, Sandhu KS. Important wheat diseases in the US and their management in the 21st century. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1010191. [PMID: 36714765 PMCID: PMC9877539 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is a crop of historical significance, as it marks the turning point of human civilization 10,000 years ago with its domestication. Due to the rapid increase in population, wheat production needs to be increased by 50% by 2050 and this growth will be mainly based on yield increases, as there is strong competition for scarce productive arable land from other sectors. This increasing demand can be further achieved using sustainable approaches including integrated disease pest management, adaption to warmer climates, less use of water resources and increased frequency of abiotic stress tolerances. Out of 200 diseases of wheat, 50 cause economic losses and are widely distributed. Each year, about 20% of wheat is lost due to diseases. Some major wheat diseases are rusts, smut, tan spot, spot blotch, fusarium head blight, common root rot, septoria blotch, powdery mildew, blast, and several viral, nematode, and bacterial diseases. These diseases badly impact the yield and cause mortality of the plants. This review focuses on important diseases of the wheat present in the United States, with comprehensive information of causal organism, economic damage, symptoms and host range, favorable conditions, and disease management strategies. Furthermore, major genetic and breeding efforts to control and manage these diseases are discussed. A detailed description of all the QTLs, genes reported and cloned for these diseases are provided in this review. This study will be of utmost importance to wheat breeding programs throughout the world to breed for resistance under changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep Singh
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Bhavit Chhabra
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Ali Raza
- College of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
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Shahinnia F, Geyer M, Schürmann F, Rudolphi S, Holzapfel J, Kempf H, Stadlmeier M, Löschenberger F, Morales L, Buerstmayr H, Sánchez JIY, Akdemir D, Mohler V, Lillemo M, Hartl L. Genome-wide association study and genomic prediction of resistance to stripe rust in current Central and Northern European winter wheat germplasm. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3583-3595. [PMID: 36018343 PMCID: PMC9519682 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We found two loci on chromosomes 2BS and 6AL that significantly contribute to stripe rust resistance in current European winter wheat germplasm. Stripe or yellow rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp. tritici, is one of the most destructive wheat diseases. Sustainable management of wheat stripe rust can be achieved through the deployment of rust resistant cultivars. To detect effective resistance loci for use in breeding programs, an association mapping panel of 230 winter wheat cultivars and breeding lines from Northern and Central Europe was employed. Genotyping with the Illumina® iSelect® 25 K Infinium® single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping array yielded 8812 polymorphic markers. Structure analysis revealed two subpopulations with 92 Austrian breeding lines and cultivars, which were separated from the other 138 genotypes from Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Poland, and Switzerland. Genome-wide association study for adult plant stripe rust resistance identified 12 SNP markers on six wheat chromosomes which showed consistent effects over several testing environments. Among these, two marker loci on chromosomes 2BS (RAC875_c1226_652) and 6AL (Tdurum_contig29607_413) were highly predictive in three independent validation populations of 1065, 1001, and 175 breeding lines. Lines with the resistant haplotype at both loci were nearly free of stipe rust symptoms. By using mixed linear models with those markers as fixed effects, we could increase predictive ability in the three populations by 0.13-0.46 compared to a standard genomic best linear unbiased prediction approach. The obtained results facilitate an efficient selection for stripe rust resistance against the current pathogen population in the Northern and Central European winter wheat gene pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Shahinnia
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Manuel Geyer
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Rudolphi
- SECOBRA Saatzucht GmbH, Lagesche Str. 250, 32657, Lemgo, Germany
| | - Josef Holzapfel
- SECOBRA Saatzucht GmbH, Feldkirchen 3, 85368, Moosburg, Germany
| | - Hubert Kempf
- SECOBRA Saatzucht GmbH, Feldkirchen 3, 85368, Moosburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Laura Morales
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Hermann Buerstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Julio Isidro Y Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Deniz Akdemir
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR), National Marrow Donor Program/Be The Match, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Volker Mohler
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Morten Lillemo
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Lorenz Hartl
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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Eagle J, Liu Y, Naruoka Y, Liu W, Ruff T, Hooker M, Sthapit S, Marston E, Marlowe K, Pumphrey M, See DR. Identification and Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Stripe Rust Resistance in Spring Club Wheat Cultivar JD. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2490-2497. [PMID: 35077228 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-21-2627-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici, commonly known as stripe rust, is an economically important pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The hexaploid club spring wheat cultivar JD contains both all-stage and adult plant resistance (APR) genes and exhibited consistent high resistance to stripe rust in the field. In this study, we aimed to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for stripe rust resistance using a BC1F7 back-cross inbred-line population derived from the cross of JD and the recurrent parental line 'Avocet'. The population was phenotyped in field plots in Washington State at the Spillman Agronomy Farm in Pullman and Mount Vernon Northwest Washington Research and Extension Center in between 2014 and 2016. A major QTL tentatively designated as QYrJD.wsu-1B, conferring all-stage resistance in JD background, was identified and mapped at the telomere region on the short arm of chromosome 1B using the genotyping-by-sequencing method. This QTL was further characterized with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and found to have the greatest logarithm-of-the-odds score and phenotypic effect, using SSR marker wmc798 on chromosome 1BS. Seven additional QTLs associated with APR were identified in the JD background on chromosomes 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 6B, and 7A with partial phenotypic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Eagle
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
| | | | - Weizhen Liu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Travis Ruff
- Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
| | - Marcus Hooker
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
| | - Sajal Sthapit
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
| | - Elliott Marston
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
| | - Karol Marlowe
- Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
| | - Michael Pumphrey
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
| | - Deven R See
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
- Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A
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Klymiuk V, Chawla HS, Wiebe K, Ens J, Fatiukha A, Govta L, Fahima T, Pozniak CJ. Discovery of stripe rust resistance with incomplete dominance in wild emmer wheat using bulked segregant analysis sequencing. Commun Biol 2022; 5:826. [PMID: 35978056 PMCID: PMC9386016 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Durable crop disease resistance is an essential component of global food security. Continuous pathogen evolution leads to a breakdown of resistance and there is a pressing need to characterize new resistance genes for use in plant breeding. Here we identified an accession of wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides), PI 487260, that is highly resistant to multiple stripe rust isolates. Genetic analysis revealed resistance was conferred by a single, incompletely dominant gene designated as Yr84. Through bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-Seq) we identified a 52.7 Mb resistance-associated interval on chromosome 1BS. Detected variants were used to design genetic markers for recombinant screening, further refining the interval of Yr84 to a 2.3-3.3 Mb in tetraploid wheat genomes. This interval contains 34 candidate genes encoding for protein domains involved in disease resistance responses. Furthermore, KASP markers closely-linked to Yr84 were developed to facilitate marker-assisted selection for rust resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentyna Klymiuk
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Harmeet Singh Chawla
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Krystalee Wiebe
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ens
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Andrii Fatiukha
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Liubov Govta
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Hushi Avenue, Mt. Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Hushi Avenue, Mt. Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tzion Fahima
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Hushi Avenue, Mt. Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba-Hushi Avenue, Mt. Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Curtis J Pozniak
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Zhou X, Li X, Han D, Yang S, Kang Z, Ren R. Genome-Wide QTL Mapping for Stripe Rust Resistance in Winter Wheat Pindong 34 Using a 90K SNP Array. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:932762. [PMID: 35873978 PMCID: PMC9296828 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.932762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Winter wheat cultivar Pindong 34 has both adult-plant resistance (APR) and all-stage resistance (ASR) to stripe rust, which is caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). To map the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for stripe rust resistance, an F6-10 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from a cross of Mingxian 169 × Pingdong 34 was phenotyped for stripe rust response over multiple years in fields under natural infection conditions and with selected Pst races under controlled greenhouse conditions, and genotyping was performed with a 90K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array chip. Inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) identified 12 APR resistance QTLs and 3 ASR resistance QTLs. Among the 12 APR resistance QTLs, QYrpd.swust-1BL (explaining 9.24-13.33% of the phenotypic variation), QYrpd.swust-3AL.1 (11.41-14.80%), QYrpd.swust-3AL.2 (11.55-16.10%), QYrpd.swust-6BL (9.39-12.78%), QYrpd.swust-6DL (9.52-16.36%), QYrpd.swust-7AL (9.09-17.0%), and QYrpd.swust-7DL (8.87-11.38%) were more abundant than in the five tested environments and QYrpd.swust-1AS (11.05-12.72%), QYrpd.swust-1DL (9.81-13.05%), QYrpd.swust-2BL.1 (9.69-10.57%), QYrpd.swust-2BL.2 (10.36-12.97%), and QYrpd.swust-2BL.3 (9.54-13.15%) were significant in some of the tests. The three ASR resistance QTLs QYrpd.swust-2AS (9.69-13.58%), QYrpd.swust-2BL.4 (9.49-12.07%), and QYrpd.swust-7AS (16.16%) were detected based on the reactions in the seedlings tested with the CYR34 Pst race. Among the 15 QTLs detected in Pindong 34, the ASR resistance gene QYrpd.swust-7AS mapped on the short arm of chromosome 7A was likely similar to the previously reported QTL Yr61 in the region. The QTLs identified in the present study and their closely linked molecular markers could be useful for developing wheat cultivars with durable resistance to stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Wheat Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Wheat Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Dejun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Suizhuang Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Wheat Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Runsheng Ren
- Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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11
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Wang M, Wan A, Chen X. Race Characterization of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in the United States from 2013 to 2017. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1462-1473. [PMID: 35077227 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-21-2499-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is an important disease of wheat. In this study, 1,567 isolates collected from the United States from 2013 to 2017 were tested for virulence on 18 wheat Yr single-gene lines to differentiate races. In total, 72 races, including 20 new, were identified, and their frequencies in different years and different epidemiological regions were determined and compared. The 20 new races had low frequencies, and 7 of them each were detected from only one sample and 10 only in a single year. Frequencies of virulence to Yr10, Yr24, and Yr32 were low (<10%); to Yr1, Yr76, YrTr1, and YrSP were moderate (10 to 40%); and to Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr27, Yr43, Yr44, and Exp2 were high (>70%), although they varied from year to year and from region to region. No virulence was detected to either Yr5 or Yr15, indicating that these genes were still effective against the pathogen in the United States. Based on the virulence data, the diversity of the U.S. P. striiformis f. sp. tritici population was the highest in 2016 and lowest in 2015, and the diversity of the regional population was the highest in region 1 and lowest in region 11. The yearly populations between consecutive years were closer than nonconsecutive years, and the eastern populations were closer to each other than those among the western populations. The findings are useful for understanding the pathogen evolution and for developing resistant cultivars for control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meinan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
| | - Anmin Wan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
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12
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Bai Q, Wang M, Xia C, See DR, Chen X. Identification of Secreted Protein Gene-Based SNP Markers Associated with Virulence Phenotypes of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084114. [PMID: 35456934 PMCID: PMC9033109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is a destructive disease that occurs throughout the major wheat-growing regions of the world. This pathogen is highly variable due to the capacity of virulent races to undergo rapid changes in order to circumvent resistance in wheat cultivars and genotypes and to adapt to different environments. Intensive efforts have been made to study the genetics of wheat resistance to this disease; however, no known avirulence genes have been molecularly identified in Pst so far. To identify molecular markers for avirulence genes, a Pst panel of 157 selected isolates representing 126 races with diverse virulence spectra was genotyped using 209 secreted protein gene-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SP-SNP) markers via association analysis. Nineteen SP-SNP markers were identified for significant associations with 12 avirulence genes: AvYr1, AvYr6, AvYr7, AvYr9, AvYr10, AvYr24, AvYr27, AvYr32, AvYr43, AvYr44, AvYrSP, and AvYr76. Some SP-SNPs were associated with two or more avirulence genes. These results further confirmed that association analysis in combination with SP-SNP markers is a powerful tool for identifying markers for avirulence genes. This study provides genomic resources for further studies on the cloning of avirulence genes, understanding the mechanisms of host–pathogen interactions, and developing functional markers for tagging specific virulence genes and race groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Bai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA; (Q.B.); (M.W.); (C.X.); (D.R.S.)
| | - Meinan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA; (Q.B.); (M.W.); (C.X.); (D.R.S.)
| | - Chongjing Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA; (Q.B.); (M.W.); (C.X.); (D.R.S.)
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Deven R. See
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA; (Q.B.); (M.W.); (C.X.); (D.R.S.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA; (Q.B.); (M.W.); (C.X.); (D.R.S.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-509-335-8086
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Saini DK, Chopra Y, Singh J, Sandhu KS, Kumar A, Bazzer S, Srivastava P. Comprehensive evaluation of mapping complex traits in wheat using genome-wide association studies. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2022; 42:1. [PMID: 37309486 PMCID: PMC10248672 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-021-01272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are effectively applied to detect the marker trait associations (MTAs) using whole genome-wide variants for complex quantitative traits in different crop species. GWAS has been applied in wheat for different quality, biotic and abiotic stresses, and agronomic and yield-related traits. Predictions for marker-trait associations are controlled with the development of better statistical models taking population structure and familial relatedness into account. In this review, we have provided a detailed overview of the importance of association mapping, population design, high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping platforms, advancements in statistical models and multiple threshold comparisons, and recent GWA studies conducted in wheat. The information about MTAs utilized for gene characterization and adopted in breeding programs is also provided. In the literature that we surveyed, as many as 86,122 wheat lines have been studied under various GWA studies reporting 46,940 loci. However, further utilization of these is largely limited. The future breakthroughs in area of genomic selection, multi-omics-based approaches, machine, and deep learning models in wheat breeding after exploring the complex genetic structure with the GWAS are also discussed. This is a most comprehensive study of a large number of reports on wheat GWAS and gives a comparison and timeline of technological developments in this area. This will be useful to new researchers or groups who wish to invest in GWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K. Saini
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - Yuvraj Chopra
- College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - Jagmohan Singh
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Karansher S. Sandhu
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163 USA
| | - Anand Kumar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, 202002 India
| | - Sumandeep Bazzer
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
| | - Puja Srivastava
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
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14
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Liu S, Wang X, Zhang Y, Jin Y, Xia Z, Xiang M, Huang S, Qiao L, Zheng W, Zeng Q, Wang Q, Yu R, Singh RP, Bhavani S, Kang Z, Han D, Wang C, Wu J. Enhanced stripe rust resistance obtained by combining Yr30 with a widely dispersed, consistent QTL on chromosome arm 4BL. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:351-365. [PMID: 34665265 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03970-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
YrFDC12 and PbcFDC, co-segregated in chromosome 4BL, and significantly interacted with Yr30/Pbc1 to enhance stripe rust resistance and to promote pseudo-black chaff development. Cultivars with durable resistance are the most popular means to control wheat stripe rust. Durable resistance can be achieved by stacking multiple adult plant resistance (APR) genes that individually have relatively small effect. Chinese wheat cultivars Ruihua 520 (RH520) and Fengdecun 12 (FDC12) confer partial APR to stripe rust across environments. One hundred and seventy recombinant inbred lines from the cross RH520 × FDC12 were used to determine the genetic basis of resistance and identify genomic regions associated with stripe rust resistance. Genotyping was carried out using 55 K SNP array, and eight quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected on chromosome arms 2AL, 2DS, 3BS, 4BL, 5BL (2), and 7BL (2) by inclusive composite interval mapping. Only QYr.nwafu-3BS from RH520 and QYr.nwafu-4BL.2 (named YrFDC12 for convenience) from FDC12 were consistent across the four testing environments. QYr.nwafu-3BS is likely the pleiotropic resistance gene Sr2/Yr30. YrFDC12 was mapped in a 2.1-cM interval corresponding to 12 Mb and flanked by SNP markers AX-111121224 and AX-89518393. Lines harboring both Yr30 and YrFDC12 displayed higher resistance than the parents and expressed pseudo-black chaff (PBC) controlled by loci Pbc1 and PbcFDC12, which co-segregated with Yr30 and YrFDC12, respectively. Both marker-based and pedigree-based kinship analyses revealed that YrFDC12 was inherited from founder parent Zhou 8425B. Fifty-four other wheat cultivars shared the YrFDC12 haplotype. These results suggest an effective pyramiding strategy to acquire highly effective, durable stripe rust resistance in breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangang Jin
- Jiangsu Ruihua Agricultural Science and Technology Co. Ltd, Suqian, 223800, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Xia
- Jiangsu Ruihua Agricultural Science and Technology Co. Ltd, Suqian, 223800, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyi Qiao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Molecular Improvement, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Weijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingdong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ravi P Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batan, 56237, Texcoco, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Sridhar Bhavani
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batan, 56237, Texcoco, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dejun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changfa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Yao F, Guan F, Duan L, Long L, Tang H, Jiang Y, Li H, Jiang Q, Wang J, Qi P, Kang H, Li W, Ma J, Pu Z, Deng M, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Chen X, Chen G. Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Stable Stripe Rust Resistance Loci in a Chinese Wheat Landrace Panel Using the 660K SNP Array. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:783830. [PMID: 35003168 PMCID: PMC8728361 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.783830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) is one of the most severe diseases affecting wheat production. The disease is best controlled by developing and growing resistant cultivars. Chinese wheat (Triticum aestivum) landraces have excellent resistance to stripe rust. The objectives of this study were to identify wheat landraces with stable resistance and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to stripe rust from 271 Chinese wheat landraces using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach. The landraces were phenotyped for stripe rust responses at the seedling stage with two predominant Chinese races of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici in a greenhouse and the adult-plant stage in four field environments and genotyped using the 660K wheat single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. Thirteen landraces with stable resistance were identified, and 17 QTL, including eight associated to all-stage resistance and nine to adult-plant resistance, were mapped on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 2A, 2D, 3A, 3B, 5A, 5B, 6D, and 7A. These QTL explained 6.06-16.46% of the phenotypic variation. Five of the QTL, QYrCL.sicau-3AL, QYrCL.sicau-3B.4, QYrCL.sicau-3B.5, QYrCL.sicau-5AL.1 and QYrCL.sicau-7AL, were likely new. Five Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) markers for four of the QTL were converted from the significant SNP markers. The identified wheat landraces with stable resistance to stripe rust, significant QTL, and KASP markers should be useful for breeding wheat cultivars with durable resistance to stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Yao
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangnian Guan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luyao Duan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Long
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfeng Jiang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Li
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploitation and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploitation and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Houyang Kang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploitation and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhien Pu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Deng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploitation and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youliang Zheng
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploitation and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianming Chen
- Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Guoyue Chen
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploitation and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Aoun M, Chen X, Somo M, Xu SS, Li X, Elias EM. Novel stripe rust all-stage resistance loci identified in a worldwide collection of durum wheat using genome-wide association mapping. THE PLANT GENOME 2021; 14:e20136. [PMID: 34609797 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Durumwheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.)] production is constrained by fungal diseases including stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Erikss. (Pst). Continuous mining of germplasm for the discovery and deployment of stripe rust resistance (Yr) genes is needed to counter the impact of this disease. In this study, we evaluated a worldwide collection of 432 durum wheat accessions to seven U.S. Pst races that carry diverse virulence and avirulence combinations on wheat Yr genes. We found that 47-82% of the durum wheat accessions were susceptible to each of the tested Pst races. A total of 32 accessions were resistant to all seven races. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using over 97,000 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers generated from genotyping-by-sequencing of 364 accessions identified 56 quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with all-stage stripe rust resistance located on all 14 durum wheat chromosomes. Six of these QTL were associated with resistance to 2-4 Pst races, and none were associated with resistance to all seven races. The remaining 50 QTL were race specific. Eighteen of the 56 identified QTL had relatively large effects against at least one of the races. A map-based comparison of the discovered QTL in this study with previously published Yr genes and QTL showed that 29 were previously identified, whereas the remaining 27 QTL appeared to be novel. This study reports effective sources of stripe rust resistance to contemporary races in the United States and shows that this durum wheat collection is abundant in novel resistance loci that can be transferred into adapted durum cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Aoun
- Dep. of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Xianming Chen
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Mohamed Somo
- Dep. of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Steven S Xu
- USDA-ARS, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Xuehui Li
- Dep. of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Elias M Elias
- Dep. of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND, USA
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17
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Liu T, Bai Q, Wang M, Li Y, Wan A, See DR, Xia C, Chen X. Genotyping Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Isolates with SSR and SP-SNP Markers Reveals Dynamics of the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen in the United States from 1968 to 2009 and Identifies Avirulence-Associated Markers. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1828-1839. [PMID: 33720751 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-21-0010-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a devastating disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the United States. The fungal pathogen can rapidly evolve, producing new virulent races infecting previously resistant cultivars and genotypes adapting to different environments. The objective of this study was to investigate the long-term population dynamics of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici in the United States. Through genotyping 1,083 isolates taken from 1968 to 2009, using 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 92 secreted protein single nucleotide polymorphism (SP-SNP) markers, 614 and 945 genotypes were detected, respectively. In general, the two types of markers produced consistent genetic relationships among the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici populations over the 40-year period. The prior-to-2000 and the 2000-to-2009 populations were significantly different, with the latter showing higher genotypic diversity and higher heterozygosity than the earlier populations. Clustering analyses using genotypes of either SSR or SP-SNP markers revealed three molecular groups (MGs), MG1, MG2, and MG3. The prior-to-2000 and the 2000-to-2009 groups both had evidence of MG1 and MG2; however, MG3 was only found in the 2000-to-2009 population. Some of the isolates in the period of 2000 to 2009 formed individual clusters, suggesting exotic incursions. Other isolates of the same period were clustered with prior-to-2000 isolates, indicating that they were developed from the previously established populations. The data suggest the coexistence of newly introduced populations alongside established populations in the United States. Twenty SP-SNP markers were significantly associated to individual avirulence genes. These results are useful for developing more accurate monitoring systems and provide guidance for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinglan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430, U.S.A
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Qing Bai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Meinan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Anmin Wan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Deven R See
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430, U.S.A
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Chongjing Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430, U.S.A
- Wheat Research Institute, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, China
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430, U.S.A
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman 99164-6430, U.S.A
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Merrick LF, Burke AB, Chen X, Carter AH. Breeding With Major and Minor Genes: Genomic Selection for Quantitative Disease Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:713667. [PMID: 34421966 PMCID: PMC8377761 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.713667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disease resistance in plants is mostly quantitative, with both major and minor genes controlling resistance. This research aimed to optimize genomic selection (GS) models for use in breeding programs that are needed to select both major and minor genes for resistance. In this study, stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Erikss.) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was used as a model for quantitative disease resistance. The quantitative nature of stripe rust is usually phenotyped with two disease traits, infection type (IT) and disease severity (SEV). We compared two types of training populations composed of 2,630 breeding lines (BLs) phenotyped in single-plot trials from 4 years (2016-2020) and 475 diversity panel (DP) lines from 4 years (2013-2016), both across two locations. We also compared the accuracy of models using four different major gene markers and genome-wide association study (GWAS) markers as fixed effects. The prediction models used 31,975 markers that are replicated 50 times using a 5-fold cross-validation. We then compared GS models using a marker-assisted selection (MAS) to compare the prediction accuracy of the markers alone and in combination. GS models had higher accuracies than MAS and reached an accuracy of 0.72 for disease SEV. The major gene and GWAS markers had only a small to nil increase in the prediction accuracy more than the base GS model, with the highest accuracy increase of 0.03 for the major markers and 0.06 for the GWAS markers. There was a statistical increase in the accuracy using the disease SEV trait, BLs, population type, and combining years. There was also a statistical increase in the accuracy using the major markers in the validation sets as the mean accuracy decreased. The inclusion of fixed effects in low prediction scenarios increased the accuracy up to 0.06 for GS models using significant GWAS markers. Our results indicate that GS can accurately predict quantitative disease resistance in the presence of major and minor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance F. Merrick
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Adrienne B. Burke
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Xianming Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Arron H. Carter
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Bai Q, Wan A, Wang M, See DR, Chen X. Population Diversity, Dynamics, and Differentiation of Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici From 2010 to 2017 and Comparison With 1968 to 2009 in the United States. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:696835. [PMID: 34367096 PMCID: PMC8339480 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.696835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a serious disease on wheat in the United States, especially after 2000. In the present study, 2,247 Pst isolates collected over all stripe rust epidemiological regions in the United States from 2010 to 2017 were genotyped at 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci to investigate the population diversity, dynamics, and differentiation. A total of 1,454 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were detected. In general, the populations in the west (regions 1-6) had more MLGs and higher diversities than the populations in the east (regions 7-12). The populations of 2010 and 2011 were more different from the other years. Genetic variation was higher among years than among regions, indicating the fast changes of the population. The divergence (Gst) was bigger between the west population and east population than among regions within either the west or east population. Gene flow was stronger among the regional populations in the east than in the west. Clustering analyses revealed 3 major molecular groups (MGs) and 10 sub-MGs by combining the genotypic data of 2010-2017 isolates with those of 1968-2009. MG1 contained both 1968-2009 isolates (23.1%) and 2010-2017 isolates (76.9%). MG2 had 99.4% of isolates from 1968-2009. MG3, which was the most recent and distinct group, had 99.1% of isolates from 2010-2017. Of the 10 sub-MGs, 5 (MG1-3, MG1-5, MG3-2, MG3-3, and MG3-4) were detected only from 2011 to 2017. The SSR genotypes had a moderate, but significant correlation (r = 0.325; p < 0.0001) with the virulence phenotype data. The standard index values of association (rbarD = 0.11) based on either regional or yearly populations suggest clonal reproduction. This study indicated high diversity, fast dynamics, and various levels of differentiation of the Pst population over the years and among epidemiological regions, and the results should be useful for managing wheat stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Bai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Anmin Wan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Meinan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Deven R. See
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA, United States
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Tai L, Wang HJ, Xu XJ, Sun WH, Ju L, Liu WT, Li WQ, Sun J, Chen KM. Pre-harvest sprouting in cereals: genetic and biochemical mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2857-2876. [PMID: 33471899 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
With the growth of the global population and the increasing frequency of natural disasters, crop yields must be steadily increased to enhance human adaptability to risks. Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), a term mainly used to describe the phenomenon in which grains germinate on the mother plant directly before harvest, is a serious global problem for agricultural production. After domestication, the dormancy level of cultivated crops was generally lower than that of their wild ancestors. Although the shortened dormancy period likely improved the industrial performance of cereals such as wheat, barley, rice, and maize, the excessive germination rate has caused frequent PHS in areas with higher rainfall, resulting in great economic losses. Here, we systematically review the causes of PHS and its consequences, the major indicators and methods for PHS assessment, and emphasize the biological significance of PHS in crop production. Wheat quantitative trait loci functioning in the control of PHS are also comprehensively summarized in a meta-analysis. Finally, we use Arabidopsis as a model plant to develop more complete PHS regulatory networks for wheat. The integration of this information is conducive to the development of custom-made cultivated lines suitable for different demands and regions, and is of great significance for improving crop yields and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong-Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei-Hang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lan Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaqiang Sun
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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21
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QTL Analysis of Adult Plant Resistance to Stripe Rust in a Winter Wheat Recombinant Inbred Population. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030572. [PMID: 33803625 PMCID: PMC8002966 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stripe rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a worldwide disease of wheat that causes devastating crop losses. Resistant cultivars have been developed over the last 40 years that have significantly reduced the economic impact of the disease on growers, but in heavy infection years it is mostly controlled through the intensive application of fungicides. The Pacific Northwest of the United States has an ideal climate for stripe rust and has one of the most diverse race compositions in the country. This has resulted in many waves of epidemics that have overcome most of the resistance genes traditionally used in elite germplasm. The best way to prevent high yield losses, reduce production costs to growers, and reduce the heavy application of fungicides is to pyramid multiple stripe rust resistance genes into new cultivars. Using genotyping-by-sequencing, we identified 4662 high quality variant positions in a recombinant inbred line population of 196 individuals derived from a cross between Skiles, a highly resistant winter wheat cultivar, and Goetze, a moderately to highly susceptible winter wheat cultivar, both developed at Oregon State University. A subsequent genome wide association study identified two quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosomes 3B and 3D within the predicted locations of stripe rust resistance genes. Resistance QTL, when combined together, conferred high levels of stripe rust resistance above the level of Skiles in some locations, indicating that these QTL would be important additions to future breeding efforts of Pacific Northwest winter wheat cultivars.
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Liu L, Yuan C, Wang M, See DR, Chen X. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci for High-Temperature Adult-Plant Resistance to Stripe Rust in Spring Wheat PI 197734 Using a Doubled Haploid Population and Genotyping by Multiplexed Sequencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:596962. [PMID: 33281855 PMCID: PMC7688900 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.596962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is a global concern for wheat production. Spring wheat cultivar PI 197734, of Sweden origin, has shown high-temperature adult-plant resistance (APR) to stripe rust for many years. To map resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL), 178 doubled haploid lines were developed from a cross of PI 197734 with susceptible AvS. The DH lines and parents were tested in fields in 2017 and 2018 under natural infection of Pst and genotyped with genotyping by multiplexed sequencing (GMS). Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from specific chromosomal regions were also used to genotype the population to validate and saturate resistance QTL regions. Two major QTL on chromosomes 1AL and 3BL and one minor QTL on 2AL were identified. The two major QTL, QYrPI197734.wgp-1A and QYrPI197734.wgp-3B, were detected in all tested environments explaining up to 20.7 and 46.8% phenotypic variation, respectively. An awnletted gene mapped to the expected distal end of chromosome 5AL indicated the accuracy of linkage mapping. The KASP markers converted from the GMS-SNPs in the 1A and 3B QTL regions were used to genotype 95 US spring wheat cultivars and breeding lines, and they individually showed different percentages of polymorphisms. The haplotypes of the three markers for the 1A QTL and four markers for the 3B QTL identified 37.9 and 21.1% of the wheat cultivar/breeding lines possibly carrying these two QTL, indicating their usefulness in marker-assisted selection (MAS) for incorporating the two major QTL into new wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, BC, Canada
| | - Congying Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- College of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Meinan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Deven R. See
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Xianming Chen, ;
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