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Wang H, Hu S, Gu L, Du X, Zhu B, Wang H. Ectopic expression of SaCTP3 from the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii in sorghum increases Cd accumulation for phytoextraction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123289. [PMID: 38176638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The Cd tolerance protein SaCTP3, which responds to Cd stress, was identified in Sedum alfredii; however, how to improve the efficiency of phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil using the CTP gene remains unknown. In this study, the phytoremediation potential of SaCTP3 of Sedum alfredii was identified. In the yeast Cd-sensitive strain Δycf1 overexpressing SaCTP3, the accumulation of Cd was higher than that in the Δycf1 strain overexpressing an empty vector. Transgenic sorghum plants overexpression SaCTP3 were further constructed to verify the function of SaCTP3. Compared to wild-type plants, the SaCTP3-overexpressing lines exhibited higher Cd accumulation under 500 μM Cd conditions. The average Cd content inSaCTP3-overexpressing plants is more than four times higher than that of WT plants. This was accompanied by an enhanced ability to scavenge ROS, as evidenced by the significantly increased activities of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase in response to Cd stress. Pot experiments further demonstrated that SaCTP3 overexpression resulted in improved soil Cd scavenging and photosynthetic abilities. After 20 days of growth, the average Cd content in the soil planted with SaCTP3-overexpressing sorghum decreased by 19.4%, while the residual Cd content in the soil planted with wild-type plants was only reduced by 5.4%. This study elucidated the role of SaCTP3 from S.alfredii, highlighting its potential utility in genetically modifying sorghum for the effective phytoremediation of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Sha Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Lei Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xuye Du
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China.
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Han L, Gu H, Lu W, Li H, Peng WX, Ling Ma N, Lam SS, Sonne C. Progress in phytoremediation of chromium from the environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140307. [PMID: 37769918 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
As chromium (Cr) in ecosystems affects human health through food chain exposure, phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly and efficient way to reduce chromium pollution in the environment. Here, we review the mechanism of absorption, translocation, storage, detoxification, and regulation of Cr in plants. The Cr(VI) form is more soluble, mobile, and toxic than Cr(III), reflecting how various valence states of Cr affect environmental risk characteristics, physicochemical properties, toxicity, and plant uptake. Plant root's response to Cr exposure leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis. Cell wall immobilization, vacuole compartmentation, interaction of defense proteins and organic ligand with Cr, and removal of reactive oxygen species by antioxidants continue plant life. In addition, the combined application of microorganisms, genetic engineering, and the addition of organic acids, nanoparticles, fertilization, soil amendments, and other metals could accelerate the phytoremediation process. This review provides efficient methods to investigate and understand the complex changes of Cr metabolism in plants. Preferably, fast-growing, abundantly available biomass species should be modified to mitigate Cr pollution in the environment as these green and efficient remediation technologies are necessary for the protection of soil and water ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhuo Han
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Haiping Gu
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wenjie Lu
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hanyin Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Wan-Xi Peng
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Nyuk Ling Ma
- BIOSES Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science & Marine Environment, 21030, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, DK-4000, Denmark; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India.
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Pérez-León MI, González-Fuentes JA, Valdez-Aguilar LA, Benavides-Mendoza A, Alvarado-Camarillo D, Castillo-Chacón CE. Effect of Glutamic Acid and 6-benzylaminopurine on Flower Bud Biostimulation, Fruit Quality and Antioxidant Activity in Blueberry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2363. [PMID: 37375988 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Blueberry is a highly demanded and consumed fruit due to its beneficial effects on human health, because of its bioactive compounds with a high antioxidant capacity. The interest in increasing the yield and quality of blueberries has led to the application of some innovative techniques such as biostimulation. The objective of this research was to assess the effect of the exogenous application of glutamic acid (GLU) and 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) as biostimulants on flower bud sprouting, fruit quality, and antioxidant compounds in blueberry cv. Biloxi. The application of GLU and 6-BAP positively affected bud sprouting, fruit quality, and antioxidant content. The application of 500 and 10 mg L-1 GLU and 6-BAP, respectively, increased the number of flower buds, while 500 and 20 mg L-1 generated fruits with higher content of flavonoids, vitamin C, and anthocyanins and higher enzymatic activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes. Hence, the application of these biostimulants is an effective way to enhance the yield and fruit quality of blueberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Itzel Pérez-León
- Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Alonso Valdez-Aguilar
- Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico
| | | | - Daniela Alvarado-Camarillo
- Departamento de Ciencias del Suelo, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico
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Flores-Duarte NJ, Pajuelo E, Mateos-Naranjo E, Navarro-Torre S, Rodríguez-Llorente ID, Redondo-Gómez S, Carrasco López JA. A Culturomics-Based Bacterial Synthetic Community for Improving Resilience towards Arsenic and Heavy Metals in the Nutraceutical Plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087003. [PMID: 37108166 PMCID: PMC10138511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) help plants thrive in polluted environments and increase crops yield using fewer inputs. Therefore, the design of tailored biofertilizers is of the utmost importance. The purpose of this work was to test two different bacterial synthetic communities (SynComs) from the microbiome of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, a moderate halophyte with cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical applications. The SynComs were composed of specific metal-resistant plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria and endophytes. In addition, the possibility of modulating the accumulation of nutraceutical substances by the synergetic effect of metal stress and inoculation with selected bacteria was tested. One of the SynComs was isolated on standard tryptone soy agar (TSA), whereas the other was isolated following a culturomics approach. For that, a culture medium based on M. crystallinum biomass, called Mesem Agar (MA), was elaborated. Bacteria of three compartments (rhizosphere soil, root endophytes, and shoot endophytes) were isolated on standard TSA and MA media, stablishing two independent collections. All bacteria were tested for PGP properties, secreted enzymatic activities, and resistance towards As, Cd, Cu, and Zn. The three best bacteria from each collection were selected in order to produce two different consortiums (denominated TSA- and MA-SynComs, respectively), whose effect on plant growth and physiology, metal accumulation, and metabolomics was evaluated. Both SynComs, particularly MA, improved plant growth and physiological parameters under stress by a mixture of As, Cd, Cu, and Zn. Regarding metal accumulation, the concentrations of all metals/metalloids in plant tissues were below the threshold for plant metal toxicity, indicating that this plant is able to thrive in polluted soils when assisted by metal/metalloid-resistant SynComs and could be safely used for pharmaceutical purposes. Initial metabolomics analyses depict changes in plant metabolome upon exposure to metal stress and inoculation, suggesting the possibility of modulating the concentration of high-value metabolites. In addition, the usefulness of both SynComs was tested in a crop plant, namely Medicago sativa (alfalfa). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of these biofertilizers in alfalfa, improving plant growth, physiology, and metal accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noris J Flores-Duarte
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eloísa Pajuelo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Enrique Mateos-Naranjo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes, s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Salvadora Navarro-Torre
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ignacio D Rodríguez-Llorente
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Susana Redondo-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes, s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José A Carrasco López
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Geetha N, Sunilkumar CR, Bhavya G, Nandini B, Abhijith P, Satapute P, Shetty HS, Govarthanan M, Jogaiah S. Warhorses in soil bioremediation: Seed biopriming with PGPF secretome to phytostimulate crop health under heavy metal stress. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114498. [PMID: 36209791 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The fungal symbiosis with the plant root system is importantly recognized as a plant growth promoting fungi (PGPFs), as well as elicitor of plant defence against different biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Thus PGPFs are playing as a key trouper in enhancing agricultural quality and increased crop production and paving a way towards a sustainable agriculture. Due to increased demand of food production, the over and unscientific usage of chemical fertilizers has led to the contamination of soil by organic and inorganic wastes impacting on soil quality, crops quality effecting on export business of agricultural products. The application of microbial based consortium like plant growth promoting fungi is gaining worldwide importance due to their multidimensional activity. These activities are through plant growth promotion, induction of systemic resistance, disease combating and detoxification of organic and inorganic toxic chemicals, a heavy metal tolerance ability. The master key behind these properties exhibited by PGPFs are attributed towards various secretory biomolecules (secondary metabolites or enzymes or metabolites) secreted by the fungi during interaction mechanism. The present review is focused on the multidimensional role PGPFs as elicitors of Induced systemic resistance against phytopathogens as well as heavy metal detoxifier through seed biopriming and biofortification methods. The in-sights on PGPFs and their probable mechanistic nature contributing towards plants to withstand heavy metal stress and stress alleviation by activating of various stress regulatory pathways leading to secretion of low molecular weight compounds like organic compounds, glomalin, hydrophobins, etc,. Thus projecting the importance of PGPFs and further requirement of research in developing PGPFs based molecules and combining with trending Nano technological approaches for enhanced heavy metal stress alleviations in plant and soil as well as establishing a sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraja Geetha
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, DOS in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Gurulingaiah Bhavya
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, DOS in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Boregowda Nandini
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, DOS in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Padukana Abhijith
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, DOS in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Satapute
- Laboratory of Plant Healthcare and Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580 003, Karnataka, India
| | - Hunthrike Shekar Shetty
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, DOS in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, South Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India.
| | - Sudisha Jogaiah
- Laboratory of Plant Healthcare and Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad, 580 003, Karnataka, India; Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periye (PO) - 671316, Kasaragod (DT), Kerala, India.
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Asgher M, Sehar Z, Rehaman A, Rashid S, Ahmed S, Per TS, Alyemeni MN, Khan NA. Exogenously-applied L-glutamic acid protects photosynthetic functions and enhances arsenic tolerance through increased nitrogen assimilation and antioxidant capacity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 301:119008. [PMID: 35189299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
L-Glutamic acid (Glu) is used as an effective bio-stimulant to reduce arsenic (As) stress in plants. The role of Glu was studied in the protection of photosynthesis and growth of rice (Oryza sativa L. Japonica Type Taipie-309) plants grown with 50 μM As stress by studying the oxidative stress, photosynthetic and growth characteristics. Among the Glu concentrations (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 μM), 10 μM Glu maximally enhanced photosynthesis and growth parameters with the least cellular oxidative stress level. The supplementation of 10 μM Glu resulted in the reduced effects of As stress on gas exchange parameters, PSII activity and growth attributes through enhancement of antioxidant and proline metabolism. The enzymes of nitrogen (N) assimilation, such as nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase were increased with Glu treatment under As stress. The Glu-induced metabolite synthesis showed the role of various metabolites in As stress responses. The role of Glu as a signalling molecule in reducing the adverse effects of As through accelerating the antioxidant enzymes, PSII activity, proline metabolism and nitrogen assimilation has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Asgher
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Zebus Sehar
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Abdul Rehaman
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Shaista Rashid
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Sajad Ahmed
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Tasir S Per
- Department of Botany, Government Degree College, Doda, Jammu and Kashmir, 182202, India
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Mohsin M, Salam MMA, Nawrot N, Kaipiainen E, Lane DJ, Wojciechowska E, Kinnunen N, Heimonen M, Tervahauta A, Peräniemi S, Sippula O, Pappinen A, Kuittinen S. Phytoextraction and recovery of rare earth elements using willow (Salix spp.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:152209. [PMID: 34883169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil and water contaminations are caused by rare earth elements (REEs) due to mining and industrial activities, that threaten the ecosystem and human health. Therefore, phytoremediation methods need to be developed to overcome this problem. To date, little research has been conducted concerning the phytoremediation potential of Salix for REEs. In this study, two Salix species (Salix myrsinifolia and Salix schwerinii) and two Salix cultivars (Klara and Karin) were hydroponically exposed to different concentrations of six-REE for 4 weeks. The treatments were: T1 (Control: tap water), T2 (La: 50 mg/L) and T3 (La 11.50 + Y 11 + Nd 10.50 + Dy 10 + Ce 12 and Tb 11.50 in mg L-1). The effects of the REE on Salix growth indicators (height, biomass, shoot diameter and root length), concentrations of REE in the produced biomass, and accumulation of REE in different parts of the Salix (stem, root, and leaf) tissues, were determined. In addition, the retention of REE in ashes following Salix combustion (800 and 1000 °C) was determined. The result indicates that with La and REE exposure, the height growth, dry biomass, shoot diameter and root length of all Salix remained equivalent to the control treatment excluding Klara, which displayed relatively higher growth in all parameters. Further, among the REE studied, the highest La concentration (8404 μg g-1 DW) and La accumulation (10,548 μg plant-1) were observed in Karin and Klara root respectively. Translocations and bioconcentration factors were discovered at <1 for all Salix, which indicates their phytostabilization potential. The total REE concentrations in bottom ashes varied between 7 and 8% with retention rates between 85 and 89%. This study demonstrates that Salix are suitable candidates for REE phytostabilization and the remediation of wastewater sites to limit metals percolating to the water layers in the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mohsin
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, P.O. Box 111, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mir Md Abdus Salam
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, P.O. Box 111, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Nicole Nawrot
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Erik Kaipiainen
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, P.O. Box 111, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Daniel J Lane
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Mineral Resources, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Queensland Centre for Advanced Technologies (QCAT), 1 Technology Court, Pullenvale, QLD 4069, PO Box 883, Kenmore, Australia
| | - Ewa Wojciechowska
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Niko Kinnunen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mikko Heimonen
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arja Tervahauta
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sirpa Peräniemi
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Ari Pappinen
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, P.O. Box 111, 80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Suvi Kuittinen
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, P.O. Box 111, 80100 Joensuu, Finland.
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