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Rungwattana K, Kasemsap P, Phumichai T, Rattanawong R, Hietz P. Testing intra-species variation in allocation to growth and defense in rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis). PeerJ 2024; 12:e17877. [PMID: 39131614 PMCID: PMC11317040 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Plants allocate resources to growth, defense, and stress resistance, and resource availability can affect the balance between these allocations. Allocation patterns are well-known to differ among species, but what controls possible intra-specific trade-offs and if variation in growth vs. defense potentially evolves in adaptation to resource availability. Methods We measured growth and defense in a provenance trial of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) with clones originating from the Amazon basin. To test hypotheses on the allocation to growth vs. defense, we relate biomass growth and latex production to wood and leaf traits, to climate and soil variables from the location of origin, and to the genetic relatedness of the Hevea clones. Results Contrary to expectations, there was no trade-off between growth and defense, but latex yield and biomass growth were positively correlated, and both increased with tree size. The absence of a trade-off may be attributed to the high resource availability in a plantation, allowing trees to allocate resources to both growth and defense. Growth was weakly correlated with leaf traits, such as leaf mass per area, intrinsic water use efficiency, and leaf nitrogen content, but the relative investment in growth vs. defense was not associated with specific traits or environmental variables. Wood and leaf traits showed clinal correlations to the rainfall and soil variables of the places of origin. These traits exhibited strong phylogenetic signals, highlighting the role of genetic factors in trait variation and adaptation. The study provides insights into the interplay between resource allocation, environmental adaptations, and genetic factors in trees. However, the underlying drivers for the high variation of latex production in one of the commercially most important tree species remains unexplained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanin Rungwattana
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poonpipope Kasemsap
- Hevea Research Platform in Partnership, DORAS Center, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Peter Hietz
- Institute of Botany, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Vienna, Austria
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Garcia A, Talavera-Mateo L, Petrik I, Oklestkova J, Novak O, Santamaria ME. Spider mite infestation triggers coordinated hormonal trade-offs enabling plant survival with a fitness cost. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14479. [PMID: 39187434 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Tetranychus urticae is an important pest that causes severe damage to a wide variety of plants and crops, leading to a substantial productivity loss. Previous research has been focused on plant defence response to T. urticae to improve plant resistance. However, plant growth, development and reproduction throughout the infestation process have not been previously studied. Through physiological, biochemical, transcriptomic and hormonomic evaluation, we uncover the molecular mechanisms directing the defence-growth trade-off established in Arabidopsis upon T. urticae infestation. Upon mite attack, plants suffer an adaptation process characterized by a temporal separation between the defence and growth responses. Jasmonic and salicylic acids regulate the main defence responses in combination with auxin and abscisic acid. However, while the reduction of both auxin signalling and gibberellin, cytokinin and brassinosteroid biosynthesis lead to initial growth arrest, increasing levels of growth hormones at later stages enables growth restart. These alterations lead to a plant developmental delay that impacts both seed production and longevity. We demonstrate that coordinated trade-offs determine plant adaptation and survival, revealing mite infestation has a long-lasting effect negatively impacting seed viability. This study provides additional tools to design pest management strategies that improve resistance without penalty in plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Garcia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC) Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Talavera-Mateo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC) Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Petrik
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Science, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Oklestkova
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Science, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Science, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC) Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Bungala LTDC, Park C, Dique JEL, Sathasivam R, Shin SY, Park SU. Ethylene: A Modulator of the Phytohormone-Mediated Insect Herbivory Network in Plants. INSECTS 2024; 15:404. [PMID: 38921119 PMCID: PMC11203721 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Plants have evolved to establish insect herbivory defences by modulating their metabolism, growth, and development. Precise networks of phytohormones are essential to induce those herbivory defences. Gaseous phytohormone ET plays an important role in forming herbivory defences. Its role in insect herbivory is not fully understood, but previous studies have shown that it can both positively and negatively regulate herbivory. This review presents recent findings on crosstalk between ET and other phytohormones in herbivory responses. Additionally, the use of exogenous ETH treatment to induce ET in response to herbivory is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Tarcisio da Cristina Bungala
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (L.T.d.C.B.); (C.P.); (R.S.)
- Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute, Central Regional Center, Highway N° 6, Chimoio P.O. Box 42, Mozambique;
| | - Chanung Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (L.T.d.C.B.); (C.P.); (R.S.)
| | - José Eulário Lampi Dique
- Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute, Central Regional Center, Highway N° 6, Chimoio P.O. Box 42, Mozambique;
- Department of Biology, Natural Science Institute, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37203-202, Brazil
| | - Ramaraj Sathasivam
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (L.T.d.C.B.); (C.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Su Young Shin
- Using Technology Development Department, Bio-Resources Research Division, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR), 137, Donam 2-gil, Sangju-si 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (L.T.d.C.B.); (C.P.); (R.S.)
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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4
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de Souza LA, Peñaflor MFGV. Small but strong: herbivory by sap-feeding insect reduces plant progeny growth but enhances direct and indirect anti-herbivore defenses. Oecologia 2024; 205:191-201. [PMID: 38782789 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The transmission of resistance traits to herbivores across subsequent generations is an important strategy employed by plants to enhance their fitness in environments with high herbivore pressure. However, our understanding of the impact of maternal herbivory on direct and indirect induced chemical defenses of progeny, as well as the associated costs, is currently limited to herbivory by leaf-chewing insects. In this study, we investigated the transgenerational effects of a sap-feeding insect, the green peach aphid Myzus persicae, on direct and indirect chemical defenses of bell pepper plants (Capsicum annuum), and whether the effects entail costs to plant growth. Aphid herbivory on parental plants led to a reduced number of seeds per fruit, which exhibited lower germination rates and produced smaller seedlings compared to those from non-infested parental plants. In contrast, the progeny of aphid-infested plants were less preferred as hosts by aphids and less suitable than the progeny of non-infested plants. This enhanced resistance in the progeny of aphid-infested plants coincided with elevated levels of both constitutive and herbivore-induced total phenolic compounds, compared to the progeny of non-infested plants. Furthermore, the progeny of aphid-infested plants emitted herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that were more attractive to the aphid parasitoid Aphidius platensis than those emitted by the progeny of non-infested plants. Our results indicate that herbivory by sap-feeding insect induces transgenerational resistance on progeny bell pepper plants, albeit at the expense of vegetative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Aparecida de Souza
- Department of Entomology, Laboratory of Chemical Ecology of Plant-Insect Interactions, Lavras Federal University (UFLA), Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda G V Peñaflor
- Department of Entomology, Laboratory of Chemical Ecology of Plant-Insect Interactions, Lavras Federal University (UFLA), Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-900, Brazil.
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van Kleeff PJM, Mastop M, Sun P, Dangol S, van Doore E, Dekker HL, Kramer G, Lee S, Ryu CM, de Vos M, Schuurink RC. Discovery of Three Bemisia tabaci Effectors and Their Effect on Gene Expression in Planta. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:380-395. [PMID: 38114195 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-23-0044-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (whitefly) is a polyphagous agroeconomic pest species complex. Two members of this species complex, Mediterranean (MED) and Middle-East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), have a worldwide distribution and have been shown to manipulate plant defenses through effectors. In this study, we used three different strategies to identify three MEAM1 proteins that can act as effectors. Effector B1 was identified using a bioinformatics-driven effector-mining strategy, whereas effectors S1 and P1 were identified in the saliva of whiteflies collected from artificial diet and in phloem exudate of tomato on which nymphs were feeding, respectively. These three effectors were B. tabaci specific and able to increase whitefly fecundity when transiently expressed in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum). Moreover, they reduced growth of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci in Nicotiana benthamiana. All three effectors changed gene expression in planta, and B1 and S1 also changed phytohormone levels. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis pinpointed plant-pathogen interaction and photosynthesis as the main enriched pathways for all three effectors. Our data thus show the discovery and validation of three new B. tabaci MEAM1 effectors that increase whitefly fecundity and modulate plant immunity. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J M van Kleeff
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Mastop
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Pulu Sun
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Sarmina Dangol
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Eva van Doore
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Henk L Dekker
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Kramer
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry of Biomolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | | | - Robert C Schuurink
- Green Life Sciences Research Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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Erofeeva EA. Environmental hormesis in living systems: The role of hormetic trade-offs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166022. [PMID: 37541518 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Hormesis (low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition) can be accompanied by hormetic trade-offs, that is, stimulation of some traits and inhibition (trade-off 1) or invariability (trade-off 2) of others. Currently, trade-off options and their biological significance are insufficiently studied. Therefore, the review analyses trade-off types, their relationship with asynchronous stress responses of indicators, the importance of trade-offs for preconditioning, hormesis transgenerational effects, fitness, and evolution. The analysis has shown that hormetic trade-offs 1 and 2 can be observed in evolutionarily distant groups of organisms and at different biological levels (cells, individuals, populations, and communities) with abiotic and biotic stressors, as well as various pollutants. Trade-offs 1 and 2 are found both between different functional traits (e.g., self-maintenance and reproduction in animals, growth and defense in plants), and between the endpoints of the same functional trait (e.g., seed weight and seed number in plants). Asynchronous responses of indicators to a low-dose stressor can lead to hormetic trade-offs in two cases: 1) these indicators have different responses (hormesis, inhibition or zero reaction) in the same dose range; 2) these indicators have hormetic responses with different hormetic zones. Trade-offs can have a positive, negative or zero effect on preconditioning, offspring, and fitness of the population. Trade-offs can potentially affect evolution in two ways: 1) the creation of trends in genotype selection; 2) participation in the assimilation of phenotypic adaptations in the genotype through the Baldwin effect (selection of mutations copying adaptive phenotypes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Erofeeva
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, 23 Gagarina Pr, Nizhni Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation.
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7
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Talavera-Mateo L, Garcia A, Santamaria ME. A comprehensive meta-analysis reveals the key variables and scope of seed defense priming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1208449. [PMID: 37546267 PMCID: PMC10398571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1208449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Background When encountered with pathogens or herbivores, the activation of plant defense results in a penalty in plant fitness. Even though plant priming has the potential of enhancing resistance without fitness cost, hurdles such as mode of application of the priming agent or even detrimental effects in plant fitness have yet to be overcome. Here, we review and propose seed defense priming as an efficient and reliable approach for pathogen protection and pest management. Methods Gathering all available experimental data to date, we evaluated the magnitude of the effect depending on plant host, antagonist class, arthropod feeding guild and type of priming agent, as well as the influence of parameter selection in measuring seed defense priming effect on plant and antagonist performance. Results Seed defense priming enhances plant resistance while hindering antagonist performance and without a penalty in plant fitness. Specifically, it has a positive effect on crops and cereals, while negatively affecting fungi, bacteria and arthropods. Plant natural compounds and biological isolates have a stronger influence in plant and antagonist performance than synthetic chemicals and volatiles. Discussion This is the first meta-analysis conducted evaluating the effect of seed defense priming against biotic stresses studying both plant and pest/pathogen performance. Here, we proved its efficacy in enhancing both, plant resistance and plant fitness, and its wide range of application. In addition, we offered insight into the selection of the most suitable priming agent and directed the focus of interest for novel research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación, (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Poelman EH, Bourne ME, Croijmans L, Cuny MAC, Delamore Z, Joachim G, Kalisvaart SN, Kamps BBJ, Longuemare M, Suijkerbuijk HAC, Zhang NX. Bringing Fundamental Insights of Induced Resistance to Agricultural Management of Herbivore Pests. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:218-229. [PMID: 37138167 PMCID: PMC10495479 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In response to herbivory, most plant species adjust their chemical and morphological phenotype to acquire induced resistance to the attacking herbivore. Induced resistance may be an optimal defence strategy that allows plants to reduce metabolic costs of resistance in the absence of herbivores, allocate resistance to the most valuable plant tissues and tailor its response to the pattern of attack by multiple herbivore species. Moreover, plasticity in resistance decreases the potential that herbivores adapt to specific plant resistance traits and need to deal with a moving target of variable plant quality. Induced resistance additionally allows plants to provide information to other community members to attract natural enemies of its herbivore attacker or inform related neighbouring plants of pending herbivore attack. Despite the clear evolutionary benefits of induced resistance in plants, crop protection strategies to herbivore pests have not exploited the full potential of induced resistance for agriculture. Here, we present evidence that induced resistance offers strong potential to enhance resistance and resilience of crops to (multi-) herbivore attack. Specifically, induced resistance promotes plant plasticity to cope with multiple herbivore species by plasticity in growth and resistance, maximizes biological control by attracting natural enemies and, enhances associational resistance of the plant stand in favour of yield. Induced resistance may be further harnessed by soil quality, microbial communities and associational resistance offered by crop mixtures. In the transition to more sustainable ecology-based cropping systems that have strongly reduced pesticide and fertilizer input, induced resistance may prove to be an invaluable trait in breeding for crop resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Mitchel E Bourne
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Luuk Croijmans
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maximilien A C Cuny
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zoë Delamore
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Joachim
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah N Kalisvaart
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bram B J Kamps
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maxence Longuemare
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hanneke A C Suijkerbuijk
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nina Xiaoning Zhang
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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de Tombeur F, Pélissier R, Shihan A, Rahajaharilaza K, Fort F, Mahaut L, Lemoine T, Thorne SJ, Hartley SE, Luquet D, Fabre D, Lambers H, Morel JB, Ballini E, Violle C. Growth-defence trade-off in rice: fast-growing and acquisitive genotypes have lower expression of genes involved in immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3094-3103. [PMID: 36840921 PMCID: PMC10199124 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant ecologists and molecular biologists have long considered the hypothesis of a trade-off between plant growth and defence separately. In particular, how genes thought to control the growth-defence trade-off at the molecular level relate to trait-based frameworks in functional ecology, such as the slow-fast plant economics spectrum, is unknown. We grew 49 phenotypically diverse rice genotypes in pots under optimal conditions and measured growth-related functional traits and the constitutive expression of 11 genes involved in plant defence. We also quantified the concentration of silicon (Si) in leaves to estimate silica-based defences. Rice genotypes were aligned along a slow-fast continuum, with slow-growing, late-flowering genotypes versus fast-growing, early-flowering genotypes. Leaf dry matter content and leaf Si concentrations were not aligned with this axis and negatively correlated with each other. Live-fast genotypes exhibited greater expression of OsNPR1, a regulator of the salicylic acid pathway that promotes plant defence while suppressing plant growth. These genotypes also exhibited greater expression of SPL7 and GH3.2, which are also involved in both stress resistance and growth. Our results do not support the hypothesis of a growth-defence trade-off when leaf Si and leaf dry matter content are considered, but they do when hormonal pathway genes are considered. We demonstrate the benefits of combining ecological and molecular approaches to elucidate the growth-defence trade-off, opening new avenues for plant breeding and crop science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix de Tombeur
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Rémi Pélissier
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, Institut Agro, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Ammar Shihan
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Koloina Rahajaharilaza
- Faculty of Sciences, DS Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Antananarivo 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Florian Fort
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, Institut Agro, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Valéry, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucie Mahaut
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Taïna Lemoine
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sarah J Thorne
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sue E Hartley
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Delphine Luquet
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jean-Benoît Morel
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, Institut Agro, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Elsa Ballini
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, Institut Agro, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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10
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Watts S, Kaur S, Kariyat R. Revisiting plant defense-fitness trade-off hypotheses using Solanum as a model genus. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1094961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants possess physical and chemical defenses which have been found to deter herbivores that feed and oviposit on them. Despite having wide variety of defenses which can be constitutive or induced, plants are attacked and damaged by insects associated with different mouthparts and feeding habits. Since these defenses are costly, trade-offs for growth and defense traits play an important role in warding off the herbivores, with consequences for plant and herbivore growth, development and fitness. Solanum is a diverse and rich genus comprising of over 1,500 species with economic and ecological importance. Although a large number of studies on Solanum species with different herbivores have been carried out to understand plant defenses and herbivore counter defenses, they have primarily focused on pairwise interactions, and a few species of economic and ecological importance. Therefore, a detailed and updated understanding of the integrated defense system (sum of total defenses and trade-offs) is still lacking. Through this review, we take a closer look at the most common plant defense hypotheses, their assumptions and trade-offs and also a comprehensive evaluation of studies that use the genus Solanum as their host plant, and their generalist and specialist herbivores from different feeding guilds. Overall, review emphasizes on using ubiquitous Solanum genus and working toward building an integrated model which can predict defense-fitness-trade-offs in various systems with maximum accuracy and minimum deviations from realistic results.
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Bubica Bustos LM, Ueno AC, Biganzoli F, Card SD, Mace WJ, Martínez-Ghersa MA, Gundel PE. Can Aphid Herbivory Induce Intergenerational Effects of Endophyte-conferred Resistance in Grasses? J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:867-881. [PMID: 36372818 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved mechanisms to survive herbivory. One such mechanism is the induction of defences upon attack that can operate intergenerationally. Cool-season grasses (sub-family Pooideae) obtain defences via symbiosis with vertically transmitted fungal endophytes (genus Epichloë) and can also show inducible responses. However, it is unknown whether these herbivore-induced responses can have intergenerational effects. We hypothesized that herbivory by aphids on maternal plants induces the intergenerational accumulation of endophyte-derived defensive alkaloids and resistance intensification in the progeny. We subjected mother plants symbiotic or not with Epichloë occultans, a species known for its production of anti-insect alkaloids known as lolines, to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. Then, we evaluated the progeny of these plants in terms of loline alkaloid concentration, resistance level (through herbivore performance), and shoot biomass. Herbivory on mother plants did not increase the concentration of lolines in seeds but it tended to affect loline concentration in progeny plants. There was an overall herbivore-induced intergenerational effect increasing the endophyte-conferred defence and resistance. Symbiotic plants were more resistant to aphids and had higher shoot biomass than their non-symbiotic counterparts. Since maternal herbivory did not affect the loline concentrations in seeds, the greater resistance of the progeny could have resulted from an inherited mechanism of epigenetic regulation. It would be interesting to elucidate the origin of this regulation since it could come from the host or the fungal symbiont. Thus, endophyte-driven differential fitness between symbiotic and non-symbiotic plants might be higher as generations pass on in presence of herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea C Ueno
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Ecología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile
| | - Fernando Biganzoli
- Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stuart D Card
- Resilient Agriculture, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wade J Mace
- Resilient Agriculture, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Pedro E Gundel
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Centro de Ecología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, Chile.
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12
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Zhou H, Hua J, Zhang J, Luo S. Negative Interactions Balance Growth and Defense in Plants Confronted with Herbivores or Pathogens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12723-12732. [PMID: 36165611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a series of defensive mechanisms against pathogens and herbivores, but the defense response always leads to decreases in growth or reproduction, which has serious implications for agricultural production. Growth and defense are negatively regulated not only through metabolic consumption but also through the antagonism of different phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). Meanwhile, plants can limit the expression of defensive metabolites to reduce the costs of defense by producing constitutive defenses such as glandular trichomes or latex and accumulating specific metabolites, determining the activation of plant defense or the maintenance of plant growth. Interestingly, plant defense pathways might be prepared in advance which may be transmitted to descendants. Plants can also use external organisms to protect themselves, thus minimizing the costs of defense. In addition, plant relatives exhibit cooperation to deal with pathogens and herbivores, which is also a way to regulate growth and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Juan Hua
- Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shihong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, China
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13
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Sommermann L, Babin D, Behr JH, Chowdhury SP, Sandmann M, Windisch S, Neumann G, Nesme J, Sørensen SJ, Schellenberg I, Rothballer M, Geistlinger J, Smalla K, Grosch R. Long-Term Fertilization Strategy Impacts Rhizoctonia solani–Microbe Interactions in Soil and Rhizosphere and Defense Responses in Lettuce. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091717. [PMID: 36144319 PMCID: PMC9501836 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term effects of agricultural management such as different fertilization strategies on soil microbiota and soil suppressiveness against plant pathogens are crucial. Therefore, the suppressiveness of soils differing in fertilization history was assessed using two Rhizoctonia solani isolates and their respective host plants (lettuce, sugar beet) in pot experiments. Further, the effects of fertilization history and the pathogen R. solani AG1-IB on the bulk soil, root-associated soil and rhizosphere microbiota of lettuce were analyzed based on amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and ITS2 region. Organic fertilization history supported the spread of the soil-borne pathogens compared to long-term mineral fertilization. The fertilization strategy affected bacterial and fungal community composition in the root-associated soil and rhizosphere, respectively, but only the fungal community shifted in response to the inoculated pathogen. The potential plant-beneficial genus Talaromyces was enriched in the rhizosphere by organic fertilization and presence of the pathogen. Moreover, increased expression levels of defense-related genes in shoots of lettuce were observed in the soil with organic fertilization history, both in the absence and presence of the pathogen. This may reflect the enrichment of potential plant-beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere, but also pathogen infestation. However, enhanced defense responses resulted in retarded plant growth in the presence of R. solani (plant growth/defense tradeoff).
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreen Sommermann
- Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology and Landscape Development, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Doreen Babin
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Helge Behr
- Plant-Microbe Systems, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), 14979 Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Soumitra Paul Chowdhury
- Institute of Network Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Sandmann
- Plant-Microbe Systems, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), 14979 Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Saskia Windisch
- Institute of Crop Science (340h), University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter Neumann
- Institute of Crop Science (340h), University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joseph Nesme
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren J. Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingo Schellenberg
- Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology and Landscape Development, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rothballer
- Institute of Network Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joerg Geistlinger
- Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology and Landscape Development, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Kornelia Smalla
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rita Grosch
- Plant-Microbe Systems, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), 14979 Großbeeren, Germany
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14
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de Souza LA, Souza B, Vasconcelos Pereira R, Morales MN, G. V. Peñaflor MF. Leaf beetle herbivory shapes the subsequent flower-visiting insect community and impacts plant reproduction. ECOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2022.2043004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brígida Souza
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil
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15
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Sestari I, Campos ML. Into a dilemma of plants: the antagonism between chemical defenses and growth. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:469-482. [PMID: 34843032 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemical defenses are imperative for plant survival, but their production is often associated with growth restrictions. Here we review the most recent theories to explain this complex dilemma of plants. Plants are a nutritional source for a myriad of pests and pathogens that depend on green tissues to complete their life cycle. Rather than remaining passive victims, plants utilize an arsenal of chemical defenses to fend off biotic attack. While the deployment of such barriers is imperative for survival, the production of these chemical defenses is typically associated with negative impacts on plant growth. Here we discuss the most recent theories which explain this highly dynamic growth versus defense dilemma. Firstly, we discuss the hypothesis that the antagonism between the accumulation of chemical defenses and growth is rooted in the evolutionary history of plants and may be a consequence of terrestrialization. Then, we revise the different paradigms available to explain the growth versus chemical defense antagonism, including recent findings that update these into more comprehensive and plausible theories. Finally, we highlight state-of-the-art strategies that are now allowing the activation of growth and the concomitant production of chemical barriers in plants. Growth versus chemical defense antagonism imposes large ecological and economic costs, including increased crop susceptibility to pests and pathogens. In a world where these plant enemies are the main problem to increase food production, we believe that this review will summarize valuable information for future studies aiming to breed highly defensive plants without the typical accompanying penalties to growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sestari
- Coordenadoria Especial de Ciências Biológicas e Agronômicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Lattarulo Campos
- Integrative Plant Research Laboratory, Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
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FytoSol, a Promising Plant Defense Elicitor, Controls Early Blight (Alternaria solani) Disease in the Tomato by Inducing Host Resistance-Associated Gene Expression. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8060484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Early blight (EB), caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria solani, is one of the most common and destructive diseases in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The use of fungicides is a prominent tactic used to control EB; however, their undesirable effects on the environment and human health, as well as involvement in the development of resistant strains, have driven researchers to search for new alternatives. Plant defense elicitors are exogenous defense-triggering molecules that induce a plant’s defense system associated with extensive transcriptional- and metabolic reprogramming of the genome and do not cause direct toxicity to phytopathogens. Moreover, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) was an early-identified and strong plant defense elicitor to various phytopathogens. Recently, the combination of chitosan oligomers and pectin-derived oligogalacturonides that can mimic the induction of plants by a pathogen or damaged-derived molecules (PAMP and DAMP) were characterized as defense elicitors, named FytoSol. In this study, the preventive roles of these two defense elicitors—FytoSol and INA—against EB disease and its molecular basis, were explored. According to the results, FytoSol significantly reduced disease severity by an average of 30% for almost one month with an AUDPC value of 399 compared to the control, which had an AUDPC value of 546. On the contrary, INA did not provide any protection against EB. Gene expression analyses of these two distinct plant defense elicitors indicated that the expression patterns of several SA-, JA-, or ET-pathway-related genes (Pti4, TPK1b, Pto kinase, TomloxD, PRB1-2, SABP2, WRKY33b, WRKY70, PR-5, and PR3) were induced by defense elicitors differently. FytoSol extensively upregulated gene expressions of PR3, downregulated the SA-related defense pathway, and provided remarkable protection against the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria solani. On the contrary, INA mostly induced genes related to biotrophic and/or hemibiotrophic pathogen protection. Our results indicate that FytoSol is a promising plant defense elicitor against EB and the modes of action of the elicitors are important to characterize their effects against pathogens. Further research may extend the use of defense elicitors as alternatives to pesticides in agriculture.
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17
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The Laccase Gene Family Mediate Multi-Perspective Trade-Offs during Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis) Development and Defense Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212554. [PMID: 34830436 PMCID: PMC8618718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccase (LAC) plays important roles in different plant development and defense processes. In this study, we identified laccase genes (CsLACs) in Camellia sinensis cv ‘Longjing43′ cultivars, which were classified into six subclades. The expression patterns of CsLACs displayed significant spatiotemporal variations across different tissues and developmental stages. Most members in subclades II, IV and subclade I exhibited contrasting expression patterns during leaf development, consistent with a trade-off model for preferential expression in the early and late developmental stages. The extensive transcriptional changes of CsLACs under different phytohormone and herbivore treatment were observed and compared, with the expression of most genes in subclades I, II and III being downregulated but genes in subclades IV, V and VI being upregulated, suggesting a growth and defense trade-off model between these subclades. Taken together, our research reveal that CsLACs mediate multi-perspective trade-offs during tea plant development and defense processes and are involved in herbivore resistance in tea plants. More in-depth research of CsLACs upstream regulation and downstream targets mediating herbivore defense should be conducted in the future.
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18
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Mouden S, Bac-Molenaar JA, Kappers IF, Beerling EAM, Leiss KA. Elicitor Application in Strawberry Results in Long-Term Increase of Plant Resilience Without Yield Loss. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:695908. [PMID: 34276745 PMCID: PMC8282209 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.695908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
For a first step integrating elicitor applications into the current IPM strategy increasing plant resilience against pests, we investigated repeated elicitor treatments in a strawberry everbearer nursery and cropping cycle under glass. During nursery methyl-jasmonate (MeJA), testing induction of defenses with plant bioassays was applied every 3 weeks. Thrips damage and reproduction by spider mites, whitefly and aphids were strongly reduced upon elicitor treatment. Subsequently, we applied MeJA every 3 weeks or based on scouting pests during a whole cropping cycle. Thrips leaf bioassays and LC-MS leaf metabolomics were applied to investigate the induction of defenses. Leaf damage by thrips was lower for both MeJA application schemes compared to the control except for the last weeks. While elicitor treatments after scouting also reduced damage, its effect did not last. Thrips damage decreased from vegetative to mature plants during the cropping cycle. At the end of the nursery phase, plants in the elicitor treatment were smaller. Surprisingly, growth during production was not affected by MeJA application, as were fruit yield and quality. LC-MS leaf metabolomics showed strong induction of vegetative plants decreasing during the maturation of plants toward the end of cultivation. Concurrently, no increase in the JA-inducible marker PPO was observed when measured toward the end of cultivation. Mostly flavonoid and phenolic glycosides known as plant defense compounds were induced upon MeJA application. While induced defense decreased with the maturation of plants, constitutive defense increased as measured in the leaf metabolome of control plants. Our data propose that young, relatively small plant stages lack constitutive defense necessitating an active JA defense response. As plants, mature constitutive defense metabolites seem to accumulate, providing a higher level of basal resistance. Our results have important implications for but are not limited to strawberry cultivation. We demonstrated that repeated elicitor application could be deployed as part of an integrated approach for sustainable crop protection by vertical integration with other management tactics and horizontal integration to control multiple pests concurrently. This approach forms a promising potential for long-term crop protection in greenhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Mouden
- Plant Health Team, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Johanna A. Bac-Molenaar
- Plant Health Team, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Johanna A. Bac-Molenaar
| | - Iris F. Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ellen A. M. Beerling
- Plant Health Team, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kirsten A. Leiss
- Plant Health Team, Business Unit Greenhouse Horticulture, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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