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Talha M, Shani MY, Ashraf MY, De Mastro F, Brunetti G, Khan MKR, Gillani SWUHS, Khan A, Abbas S, Cocozza C. Lead Toxicity-Mediated Growth and Metabolic Alterations at Early Seedling Stages of Maize ( Zea mays L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3335. [PMID: 37765499 PMCID: PMC10535917 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the toxic effects of lead (Pb) on key metabolic activities essential for proper germination and seedling growth of maize seeds, experiments were carried out with different levels of Pb (0 to 120 mg of Pb L-1 as PbCl2) applied through growth medium to two maize hybrids H-3310S and H-6724. The research findings indicated that growth and metabolic activities were adversely affected by increased Pb contamination in growth medium; however, a slow increase in these parameters was recorded with increasing time from 0 to 120 h. Protease activity decreased with an increase in the level of Pb contamination but increased with time; consequently, a reduction in seed proteins and an increase in total free amino acids were observed with time. Similarly, α-amylase activity decreased with an increase in Pb concentration in growth medium while it increased with increasing time from 0 to 120 h; consequently, reducing and non-reducing sugars increased with time but decreased with exposure to lead. The roots of both maize hybrids had higher Pb contents than those of the shoot, which decreased the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. All these nutrients are essential for optimal plant growth; therefore, the reduction in growth and biomass of maize seedlings could be due to Pb toxicity that altered metabolic processes, as sugar and amino acids are necessary for the synthesis of metabolic compounds, rapid cell division, and proper functioning of enzymes in the growing embryo, but all were dramatically reduced due to suppression of protease and α-amylase by toxicity of Pb. In general, hybrid H-3310S performed better in Pb-contaminated growth medium than H-6724.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Talha
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yousaf Shani
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin Ashraf
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Francesco De Mastro
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gennaro Brunetti
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Muhammad Kashif Riaz Khan
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Syed Wajih ul Hassan Shah Gillani
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Khan
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Abbas
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Claudio Cocozza
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Peirats-Llobet M, Yi C, Liew L, Berkowitz O, Narsai R, Lewsey M, Whelan J. Spatially resolved transcriptomic analysis of the germinating barley grain. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:7798-7819. [PMID: 37351575 PMCID: PMC10450182 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Seeds are a vital source of calories for humans and a unique stage in the life cycle of flowering plants. During seed germination, the embryo undergoes major developmental transitions to become a seedling. Studying gene expression in individual seed cell types has been challenging due to the lack of spatial information or low throughput of existing methods. To overcome these limitations, a spatial transcriptomics workflow was developed for germinating barley grain. This approach enabled high-throughput analysis of spatial gene expression, revealing specific spatial expression patterns of various functional gene categories at a sub-tissue level. This study revealed over 14 000 genes differentially regulated during the first 24 h after imbibition. Individual genes, such as the aquaporin gene family, starch degradation, cell wall modification, transport processes, ribosomal proteins and transcription factors, were found to have specific spatial expression patterns over time. Using spatial autocorrelation algorithms, we identified auxin transport genes that had increasingly focused expression within subdomains of the embryo over time, suggesting their role in establishing the embryo axis. Overall, our study provides an unprecedented spatially resolved cellular map for barley germination and identifies specific functional genomics targets to better understand cellular restricted processes during germination. The data can be viewed at https://spatial.latrobe.edu.au/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Peirats-Llobet
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Changyu Yi
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Lim Chee Liew
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Reena Narsai
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Mathew G Lewsey
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - James Whelan
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, School of Agriculture, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Research Centre for Engineering Biology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, 718 East Haizhou Road, Haining, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314400, China
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Niu L, Liu L, Zhang J, Scali M, Wang W, Hu X, Wu X. Genetic Engineering of Starch Biosynthesis in Maize Seeds for Efficient Enzymatic Digestion of Starch during Bioethanol Production. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043927. [PMID: 36835340 PMCID: PMC9967003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize accumulates large amounts of starch in seeds which have been used as food for human and animals. Maize starch is an importantly industrial raw material for bioethanol production. One critical step in bioethanol production is degrading starch to oligosaccharides and glucose by α-amylase and glucoamylase. This step usually requires high temperature and additional equipment, leading to an increased production cost. Currently, there remains a lack of specially designed maize cultivars with optimized starch (amylose and amylopectin) compositions for bioethanol production. We discussed the features of starch granules suitable for efficient enzymatic digestion. Thus far, great advances have been made in molecular characterization of the key proteins involved in starch metabolism in maize seeds. The review explores how these proteins affect starch metabolism pathway, especially in controlling the composition, size and features of starch. We highlight the roles of key enzymes in controlling amylose/amylopectin ratio and granules architecture. Based on current technological process of bioethanol production using maize starch, we propose that several key enzymes can be modified in abundance or activities via genetic engineering to synthesize easily degraded starch granules in maize seeds. The review provides a clue for developing special maize cultivars as raw material in the bioethanol industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Niu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liangwei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Monica Scali
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xiuli Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Vinje MA, Walling JG, Henson CA, Duke SH. Temporal Expression Analysis of Barley Disproportionating Enzyme 1 ( DPE1) during Grain Development and Malting. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2022.2104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A. Vinje
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, U.S.A
| | - Jason G. Walling
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, U.S.A
| | - Cynthia A. Henson
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, U.S.A
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI, U.S.A
| | - Stanley H. Duke
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI, U.S.A
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Mangan D, Draga A, Ivory R, Cornaggia C, Blundell M, Howitt C, McCleary B, Ral J. A novel enzymatic method discriminating wheat pre-harvest sprouting from Late Maturity alpha-amylase. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Perrot T, Pauly M, Ramírez V. Emerging Roles of β-Glucanases in Plant Development and Adaptative Responses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11091119. [PMID: 35567119 PMCID: PMC9099982 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant β-glucanases are enzymes involved in the synthesis, remodelling and turnover of cell wall components during multiple physiological processes. Based on the type of the glycoside bond they cleave, plant β-glucanases have been grouped into three categories: (i) β-1,4-glucanases degrade cellulose and other polysaccharides containing 1,4-glycosidic bonds to remodel and disassemble the wall during cell growth. (ii) β-1,3-glucanases are responsible for the mobilization of callose, governing the symplastic trafficking through plasmodesmata. (iii) β-1,3-1,4-glucanases degrade mixed linkage glucan, a transient wall polysaccharide found in cereals, which is broken down to obtain energy during rapid seedling growth. In addition to their roles in the turnover of self-glucan structures, plant β-glucanases are crucial in regulating the outcome in symbiotic and hostile plant-microbe interactions by degrading non-self glucan structures. Plants use these enzymes to hydrolyse β-glucans found in the walls of microbes, not only by contributing to a local antimicrobial defence barrier, but also by generating signalling glucans triggering the activation of global responses. As a counterpart, microbes developed strategies to hijack plant β-glucanases to their advantage to successfully colonize plant tissues. This review outlines our current understanding on plant β-glucanases, with a particular focus on the latest advances on their roles in adaptative responses.
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geng L, Li M, Zhang G, Ye L. Barley: a potential cereal for producing healthy and functional foods. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Barley is the fourth largest cereal crop in the world. It is mainly used for feeding, beer production and food. Barley is receiving more attention from both agricultural and food scientists because of its special chemical composition and health benefits. In comparison with other cereal crops, including wheat, rice and maize, barley grains are rich in dietary fiber (such as β-glucan) and tocols, which are beneficial to human health. It is well proved that diets rich in those chemicals can provide protection against hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Barley has been widely recognized to be great potential as a healthy or functional food. In this review, we present the information about the studies on physical structure of barley grain and the distribution of main chemical components, nutrient and functional composition of barley grain and their health benefits, and the approaches of improving and utilizing the nutrient and functional chemicals in barley grain. With the development of processing technologies, functional components in barley grains, especially β-glucan, can be efficiently extracted and concentrated. Moreover, nutrient and functional components in barley grains can be efficiently improved by precise breeding and agronomic approaches. The review highlights the great potential of barley used as healthy and functional foods, and may be instructive for better utilization of barley in food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- La geng
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingzhen Ye
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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