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Gu J, Yang M, Qi M, Yang T, Wang L, Yang W, Zhang J. Analysis of the Volatile Components in Different Parts of Three Species of the Genus Amomum via Combined HS-SPME-GC-TOF-MS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Foods 2024; 13:1925. [PMID: 38928865 PMCID: PMC11202860 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The study used headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-TOF-MS) to analyze volatile compounds in leaves and fruits of Amomum tsaoko, Amomum paratsaoko, and Amomum koenigii. The composition and aroma of distinct metabolites were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods. A total of 564 volatile compounds were identified from three species of the genus Amomum, which were further divided into nine categories: terpenoids, carboxylic acids, alcohols, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, ethers, and other compounds. Terpenoids and alcohols were the most abundant. The content and types of compounds vary in A. tsaoko, A. paratsaoko, and A. koenigii, so mixing or substituting them is not advisable. We selected 45 metabolites based on the criteria of the variable importance in projection values (VIP > 1.5) and one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). The top 19 metabolites with the most significant VIP values were chosen. Interestingly, (Z)-2-decenal was only found in Amomum koenigii, while nitroethane and nonanal were only present in cultivated A. tsaoko. Additionally, linalool, cineole, and (D)-limonene were the main components affecting the aroma of three species of the genus Amomum. The volatile components identified in this study provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the unique flavor of A. tsaoko, A. paratsaoko, and A. koenigii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Gu
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China; (J.G.); (L.W.); (W.Y.)
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Meiquan Yang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China; (J.G.); (L.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Mingju Qi
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China; (J.G.); (L.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Tianmei Yang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China; (J.G.); (L.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Li Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China; (J.G.); (L.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Weize Yang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China; (J.G.); (L.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650200, China; (J.G.); (L.W.); (W.Y.)
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Zhou Y, Yang W, Zhu S, Wei J, Zhou X, Wang M, Lu H. Evaluation of Aromatic Characteristics and Potential Applications of Hemerocallis L. Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Molecules 2024; 29:2712. [PMID: 38893586 PMCID: PMC11173393 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemerocallis L. possesses abundant germplasm resources and holds significant value in terms of ornamental, edible, and medicinal aspects. However, the quality characteristics vary significantly depending on different varieties. Selection of a high-quality variety with a characteristic aroma can increase the economic value of Hemerocallis flowers. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is an effective decision-making method for comparing and evaluating multiple characteristic dimensions. By applying AHP, the aromatic character of 60 varieties of Hemerocallis flowers were analyzed and evaluated in the present study. Headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was employed to identify volatile components in Hemerocallis flowers. Thirteen volatile components were found to contribute to the aroma of Hemerocallis flowers, which helps in assessing their potential applications in essential oil, aromatherapy, and medical treatment. These components include 2-phenylethanol, geraniol, linalool, nonanal, decanal, (E)-β-ocimene, α-farnesene, indole, nerolidol, 3-furanmethanol, 3-carene, benzaldehyde and benzenemethanol. The varieties with better aromatic potential can be selected from a large amount of data using an AHP model. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the aroma components in Hemerocallis flowers, offers guidance for breeding, and enhances the economic value of Hemerocallis flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhou
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Siyi Zhu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jianan Wei
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Minglong Wang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hongxiu Lu
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai 201699, China
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Zhou Q, Zhao F, Shi M, Zhang H, Zhu Z. Variation in the Floral Scent Chemistry of Nymphaea 'Eldorado', a Valuable Water Lily, with Different Flowering Stages and Flower Parts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:939. [PMID: 38611469 PMCID: PMC11013332 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Nymphaea 'Eldorado', a valuable water lily, is a well-known fragrant plant in China. Studying the temporal and spatial characteristics of the floral components of this plant can provide a reference for the further development and utilization of water lily germplasm resources. In this study, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to explore the types and relative contents of floral components at different flowering stages (S1: bud stage; S2: initial-flowering stage; S3: full-flowering stage; S4: end-flowering stage) and in different floral organs of N. 'Elidorado', combined with the observation of the microscopic structure of petals. A total of 60 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected at different flowering stages, and there were significant differences in floral VOCs at different flowering stages and in different flower organs. The volatile compounds of N. 'Eldorado' can be divided into seven chemical classes,, namely, alkenes, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, alkanes, and others; the most common were alkenes and alkanes. A total of 39, 44, 47, and 42 volatile compounds were detected at S1, S2, S3, and S4. The VOCs present in high concentrations include benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzyl acetate, trans-α-bergamotene, α-curcumene, cis-α-farnesene, and so on. The types and total contents of volatiles at the full-flowering stage were higher than at other flowering stages. Comparing the VOCs in different parts of flower organs, it was found that the contents of alcohols, esters, and aldehydes were greatest in the petals, the alkenes in stamens were abundant with a relative content of up to 54.93%, and alkanes in the pistil were higher than in other parts. The types and total contents of volatiles in the stamens of N. 'Eldorado' were higher than those in other flower organs; they were the main part releasing fragrance. The observation of petal microstructure revealed that the size and quantity of the papillae on the epidermises of petals, the number of intracellular plastids, and the aggregates of floral components (osmophilic matrix granules) were significantly higher at the full-flowering stage than at the other flowering stages. This study suggested the main flowering stage and location at which the floral VOCs are released by N. 'Eldorado' and provided a reference for guiding the breeding of this water lily, exploring genetic patterns and developing related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- College of Environmental Ecology, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing 210036, China;
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Feng Zhao
- College of Architectural Engineering, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing 210036, China;
| | - Man Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Huihui Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Zunling Zhu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
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Liu X, Sun R, Wu Q, Jia M, Yu T, Han Y, Yang M, Sun L. Revelation of the discrepancy of volatile compounds in fig ( Ficus carica) via gas chromatography ion-mobility spectrometry. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:1290-1303. [PMID: 38370055 PMCID: PMC10867456 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The volatile compounds of fig (Ficus carica) are influenced by various factors. To explore the composition and difference of volatile compounds among figs, gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) was used to study the volatiles of figs from various regions, diverse cultivars, and after treatment with different drying methods. Aldehydes were the main volatile compounds in Bojihong from Shandong, while esters, ketones, and alcohols were the main volatile compounds in Bojihong from Sichuan and Guangdong. The volatiles of Branswick and Banane were similar, but differed significantly from those of Bojihong. Drying had the most significant effect on fig volatiles, which greatly reduced the content of benzaldehyde, (E)-2-hexenal, 2-methylbutanal aldehydes, lost the content of esters such as isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, and generated some ketones and ethers. The results showed that Bojihong from Shandong was more suitable for the processing of subsequent fig drying products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- School of Food Science and EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)JinanShandongChina
| | - Rui Sun
- School of Food Science and EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)JinanShandongChina
| | - Qiu Wu
- College of Life SciencesShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
| | - Ming Jia
- Economic Forest InstituteShandong Academy of Forestry SciencesJianShandongChina
| | - Tingjuan Yu
- Jian Forestry and Fruit Technology Promotion and Industrial Service CenterJinanShandongChina
| | - Yanling Han
- School of Food Science and EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)JinanShandongChina
| | - Mingguan Yang
- School of Food Science and EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)JinanShandongChina
| | - Lei Sun
- Economic Forest InstituteShandong Academy of Forestry SciencesJianShandongChina
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Magri A, Malorni L, Cozzolino R, Adiletta G, Siano F, Picariello G, Cice D, Capriolo G, Nunziata A, Di Matteo M, Petriccione M. Agronomic, Physicochemical, Aromatic and Sensory Characterization of Four Sweet Cherry Accessions of the Campania Region. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12030610. [PMID: 36771694 PMCID: PMC9921131 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) are greatly appreciated fruits worldwide due to their taste, color, nutritional value, and beneficial health effects. The characterization of autochthonous germplasm allows to identify genotypes that possess superior characteristics compared to standard cultivars. In this work, four accessions of sweet cherry from the Campania region (Limoncella, Mulegnana Riccia, Mulegnana Nera and Montenero) were investigated for their morpho-physiological, qualitative, aromatic, and sensorial traits in comparison with two standard cultivars (Ferrovia and Lapins). A high variability in the pomological traits resulted among the samples. Montenero showed comparable fruit weight and titratable acidity to Ferrovia and Lapins, respectively. The highest total soluble solid content was detected in Mulegnana Riccia. A considerable variability in the skin and pulp color of the cherries was observed, varying from yellow-red in Limoncella to a dark red color in Montenero. Mulegnana Nera showed the highest content of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid compared to the standard cultivars. Volatile organic compounds profile analysis identified 34 volatile compounds, 12 of which were observed at different concentrations in all the sweet cherry genotypes while the others were genotype-dependent. Conservation and cultivation of autochthonous accessions with suitable nutritional and morpho-physiologic characteristics promotes our agrobiodiversity knowledge and allows to better plan future breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Magri
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Center for Olive, Fruits, and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Livia Malorni
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Rosaria Cozzolino
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Adiletta
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Francesco Siano
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Gianluca Picariello
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (CNR), Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Danilo Cice
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Center for Olive, Fruits, and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Capriolo
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Center for Olive, Fruits, and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Angelina Nunziata
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Center for Olive, Fruits, and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marisa Di Matteo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Milena Petriccione
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Center for Olive, Fruits, and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Feng Y, Cheng X, Lu Y, Wang H, Chen D, Luo C, Liu H, Gao S, Lei T, Huang C, Yu X. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of floral fragrance-related compounds in scented rose (Rosa hybrida) varieties and a subsequent evaluation on the basis of the analytical hierarchy process. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:368-377. [PMID: 35753285 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Scented rose (Rosa hybrida) varieties are valued as ornamentals, but they also contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that produce pleasant aromas. In plants, aromas are produced via metabolism during growth, and each aroma compound has a unique function. In this study, the floral aroma compounds of diverse scented rose varieties were analyzed and classified. The VOCs of different rose varieties were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed via headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The test materials were the mature flowers of 55 scented rose varieties that were cultivated under identical conditions. Seventeen important aroma compounds were selected and an analytical hierarchy process (AHP)-based method was developed to identify the most suitable essential oil resources, aromatherapy resources, and healthcare resources. A floral fragrance evaluation model was established for the comprehensive evaluation of the scented rose varieties. The 55 varieties were classified into three grades according to their suitability for each use. 'Soeur Emmanuelle', 'Wollerton Old Hall', 'Accademia', and 'Tianmidemeng' were revealed to be suitable essential oil, aromatherapy, and healthcare resources. On the basis of their aroma compound types, the fifty-five rose varieties were divided into eight groups. The results of this study provide the theoretical basis for the classification of rose flower aromas as well as the rational use of diverse rose varieties to further develop the rose industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Chang Luo
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Suping Gao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ting Lei
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Conglin Huang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Functional Floriculture, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Xiaofang Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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Fratianni F, Cozzolino R, d'Acierno A, Ombra MN, Spigno P, Riccardi R, Malorni L, Stocchero M, Nazzaro F. Biochemical Characterization of Some Varieties of Apricot Present in the Vesuvius Area, Southern Italy. Front Nutr 2022; 9:854868. [PMID: 35350414 PMCID: PMC8958034 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.854868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The witnesses of the millenary history of Campania felix in southern Italy highlighted that several fruit and vegetables cultivated in such territory could potentially be a treasure trove of important health elements. Our work evaluated the content of β-carotene, ascorbic acid, and total phenolics and the antioxidant activity of ten typical varieties of apricots cultivated in the Vesuvius area in the Campania region. The total polyphenols varied between 10.24 and 34.04 mg/100 g of a fresh sample. The amount of ascorbic acid also varied greatly, ranging from 2.65 to 10.65 mg/100 g of a fresh product. B-Carotene reached values up to 0.522 mg/100 g of the fresh sample. The correlation analysis performed, accounting for these parameters, showed that the antioxidant activity, calculated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH assay) and azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) tests, was influenced mainly by the content of total polyphenols, with ρ = −0.762 and ρ = 0.875 when we considered DPPH and ABTS tests, respectively, slightly less by the content of ascorbic acid, and not by β-carotene. The dendrogram clustered eight varieties into two main groups; on the other hand, two varieties (“Vitillo” and “Preveta bella”) seemed hierarchically distant. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), herein performed for the first time, demonstrated the influence of the varieties on the VOC profiles, both from a qualitative and semiquantitative perspective, discriminating the varieties in different clusters, each of which was characterized by specific notes. α-Terpinolene was the only terpene identified by GC–MS that appeared to affect the antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florinda Fratianni
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (ISA-CNR), Avellino, Italy
| | - Rosaria Cozzolino
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (ISA-CNR), Avellino, Italy
| | - Antonio d'Acierno
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (ISA-CNR), Avellino, Italy
| | - Maria Neve Ombra
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (ISA-CNR), Avellino, Italy
| | | | | | - Livia Malorni
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (ISA-CNR), Avellino, Italy
| | - Matteo Stocchero
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Filomena Nazzaro
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council (ISA-CNR), Avellino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Filomena Nazzaro
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Zhou Q, Shi M, Zhang H, Zhu Z. Comparative Study of the Petal Structure and Fragrance Components of the Nymphaea hybrid, a Precious Water Lily. Molecules 2022; 27:408. [PMID: 35056722 PMCID: PMC8777938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nymphaea hybrid, a precious water lily, is a widely-cultivated aquatic flower with high ornamental, economic, medicinal, and ecological value; it blooms recurrently and emits a strong fragrance. In the present study, in order to understand the volatile components of N. hybrid and its relationship with petals structure characteristics, the morphologies and anatomical structures of the flower petals of N. hybrid were investigated, and volatile compounds emitted from the petals were identified. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to describe petal structures, and the volatile constituents were collected using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) fibers and analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated that the density and degree of protrusion and the number of plastids and osmiophilic matrix granules in the petals play key roles in emitting the fragrance. There were distinct differences in the components and relative contents of volatile compounds among the different strains of N. hybrid. In total, 29, 34, 39, and 43 volatile compounds were detected in the cut flower petals of the blue-purple type (Nh-1), pink type (Nh-2), yellow type (Nh-3) and white type (Nh-4) of N. hybrid at the flowering stage, with total relative contents of 96.78%, 97.64%, 98.56%, and 96.15%, respectively. Analyses of these volatile components indicated that alkenes, alcohols, and alkanes were the three major types of volatile components in the flower petals of N. hybrid. The predominant volatile compounds were benzyl alcohol, pentadecane, trans-α-bergamotene, (E)-β-farnesene, and (6E,9E)-6,9-heptadecadiene, and some of these volatile compounds were terpenes, which varied among the different strains. Moreover, on the basis of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), the N. hybrid samples were divided into four groups: alcohols were the most important volatile compounds for Nh-4 samples; esters and aldehydes were the predominant volatiles in Nh-3 samples; and ketones and alkenes were important for Nh-2 samples. These compounds contribute to the unique flavors and aromas of the four strains of N. hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- College of Environment and Ecology, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing 210017, China;
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Man Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zunling Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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