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Reed HM, Han Z, Schroeder NE. GABA Immunoreactivity and Pharmacological Effects vary Among Stylet-Bearing Nematodes. J Nematol 2023; 55:20230049. [PMID: 38026555 PMCID: PMC10657207 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2023-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes conduct a series of sophisticated behaviors to complete their life cycles. Among these, locomotion behaviors, including finding the host and migrating to the feeding site, directly affect the success of parasitism. Thus, disrupting locomotion behaviors has the potential to control these parasites. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the prominent inhibitory neurotransmitter in nematodes. GABA-immunoreactive neurons are mostly found in motor neurons, where they regulate behaviors in the model nematode C. elegans. However, the GABA system in most stylet-bearing nematodes has received little attention. Using immunohistochemistry, we found variation in the pattern of GABA-immunoreactivity among two major plant-parasites and a fungal feeder. Some of these GABA-immunoreactive neurons lack clear homologs to C. elegans. Pharmaceutical assays showed that applying GABA, its agonist, and its antagonist, can disrupt the locomotion behaviors of these nematodes, although sensitivity to a given compound varied between species. Our data suggest that the GABA system is a potential target for the control of plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Reed
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - Ziduan Han
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Nathan E. Schroeder
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
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Identification and Characterization of Hdh-FMRF2 Gene in Pacific Abalone and Its Possible Role in Reproduction and Larva Development. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010109. [PMID: 36671494 PMCID: PMC9856054 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FMRFamide-related peptides are neuropeptides involved in a wide range of biological processes, including reproduction and larval development. To characterize the involvement of FMRFamide in the reproduction and larval development of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai, an FMRFamide cDNA (Hdh-FMRF2) was cloned from the cerebral ganglion (CG). Fluorescence in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR were performed for functional characterization. The Hdh-FMRF2 cDNA encoded 204 deduced amino acids that contained a putative signal peptide and four FaRP domains. The major population of Hdh-FMRF2 neuronal cell bodies was localized in the cortex of CG. Hdh-FMRF2 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in CG during the mature stage of gonadal development and effective accumulative temperature (EAT) exposed abalone in both sexes. In the induced spawning event, Hdh-FMRF2 expression was significantly upregulated during spawning in males. However, no upregulation was observed in females, suggesting Hdh-FMRF2 might inhibit gamete release in female abalone. These results revealed Hdh-FMRF2 as a reproduction related peptide. Furthermore, mRNA expression in larval development suggested that this peptide was also involved in larval development during development of Pacific abalone. Collectively, this study provides evidence of possible involvement of an FMRFamide neuropeptide in the reproduction and larval development of Pacific abalone.
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Fogarty CE, Suwansa-ard S, Phan P, McManus DP, Duke MG, Wyeth RC, Cummins SF, Wang T. Identification of Putative Neuropeptides That Alter the Behaviour of Schistosoma mansoni Cercariae. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091344. [PMID: 36138823 PMCID: PMC9495596 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni, one of the main etiological agents of human schistosomiasis, requires an improved understanding of the behavioural mechanisms of cercariae, the non-feeding mammalian infective stage. This study investigated the presence and effect of cercariae-derived putative neuropeptides on cercarial behaviour when applied externally. Cercariae were peptidomically analysed and 11 neuropeptide precursor proteins, all of which were specific to the Schistosoma genus and most of which highly expressed in the cercarial stage, were identified in cercariae for the first time. Protein–protein interaction analysis predicted the interaction of various neuropeptide precursors (e.g., Sm-npp-30, Sm-npp-33, Sm-npp-35) with cercarial structural proteins (e.g., myosin heavy chain and titin). In total, nine putative neuropeptides, selected based on their high hydrophobicity and small size (~1 kilodalton), were tested on cercariae (3 mg/mL) in acute exposure (1 min) and prolonged exposure (360 min) behavioural bioassays. The peptides AAYMDLPW-NH2, NRKIDQSFYSYY-NH2, FLLALPSP-OH, and NYLWDTRL-NH2 stimulated acute increases in cercarial spinning, stopping, and directional change during active states. However, only NRKIDQSFYSYY-NH2 caused the same behavioural changes at a lower concentration (0.1 mg/mL). After prolonged exposure, AAYMDLPW-NH2 and NYLWDTRL-NH2 caused increasing passive behaviour and NRKIDQSFYSYY-NH2 caused increasing body-first and head-pulling movements. These findings characterise behaviour-altering novel putative neuropeptides, which may inform future biocontrol innovations to prevent human schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor E. Fogarty
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4556, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Saowaros Suwansa-ard
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4556, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Phong Phan
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4556, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Mary G. Duke
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Russell C. Wyeth
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Scott F. Cummins
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4556, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Tianfang Wang
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4556, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4556, Australia
- Correspondence:
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