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Liu S, Shi L, Luo H, Chen K, Song M, Wu Y, Liu F, Li M, Gao J, Wu Y. Processed microalgae: green gold for tissue regeneration and repair. Theranostics 2024; 14:5235-5261. [PMID: 39267781 PMCID: PMC11388063 DOI: 10.7150/thno.99181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
As novel biomedical materials, microalgae have garnered significant interest because of their ability to generate photosynthetic oxygen, their antioxidant activity, and their favorable biocompatibility. Many studies have concentrated on the hypoxia-alleviating effects of microalgae within tumor microenvironments. However, recent findings indicate that microalgae can significantly increase the regeneration of various tissues and organs. To augment microalgae's therapeutic efficacy and mitigate the limitations imposed by immune clearance, it is essential to process microalgae through various processing strategies. This review examines common microalgal species in biomedical applications, such as Chlorella, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, diatoms, and Spirulina. This review outlines diverse processing methods, including microalgae extracts, microalgae‒nanodrug composite delivery systems, surface modifications, and living microalgae‒loaded hydrogels. It also discusses the latest developments in tissue repair using processed microalgae for skin, gastrointestinal, bone, cardiovascular, lung, nerve, and oral tissues. Furthermore, future directions are presented, and research gaps for processed microalgae are identified. Collectively, these insights may inform the innovation of processed microalgae for various uses and offer guidance for ongoing research in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Liu
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Ling Shi
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Hailong Luo
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical University, Aimin District, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Kaiyuan Chen
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Meichen Song
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Yingjun Wu
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Fengzhi Liu
- Pathology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Nautical Medicine and Translation of Drugs and Medical Devices, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Wu
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
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Rosas-Saavedra C, Quiroz LF, Parra S, Gonzalez-Calquin C, Arias D, Ocarez N, Lopez F, Stange C. Putative Daucus carota Capsanthin-Capsorubin Synthase (DcCCS) Possesses Lycopene β-Cyclase Activity, Boosts Carotenoid Levels, and Increases Salt Tolerance in Heterologous Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2788. [PMID: 37570943 PMCID: PMC10421225 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant carotenoids are synthesized and accumulated in plastids through a highly regulated pathway. Lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) is a key enzyme involved directly in the synthesis of α-carotene and β-carotene through the cyclization of trans-lycopene. Daucus carota harbors two LCYB genes, of which DcLCYB2 (annotated as CCS-Like) is mostly expressed in mature storage roots, an organ that accumulates high α-carotene and β-carotene content. In this work, we determined that DcLCYB2 of the orange Nantes variety presents plastid localization and encodes for a functional LCYB enzyme determined by means of heterologous complementation in Escherichia coli. Also, ectopic expression of DcLCYB2 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) plants increases total carotenoid content showing its functional role in plants. In addition, transgenic tobacco T2 homozygous plants showed better performance under chronic salt treatment, while kiwi transgenic calli also presented a higher survival rate under salt treatments than control calli. Our results allow us to propose DcLCYB2 as a prime candidate to engineer carotenoid biofortified crops as well as crops resilient to saline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosas-Saavedra
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
| | - Luis Felipe Quiroz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
- Genetics & Biotechnology Lab, Plant & AgriBiosciences Research Centre (PABC), Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91 REW4 Galway, Ireland
| | - Samuel Parra
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Calquin
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
| | - Daniela Arias
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
| | - Nallat Ocarez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), La Platina, Research Centre, Av. Santa Rosa 11610, Santiago 8820000, Chile
| | - Franco Lopez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
| | - Claudia Stange
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile; (C.R.-S.); (L.F.Q.); (S.P.); (C.G.-C.); (D.A.); (N.O.); (F.L.)
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Acevedo O, Contreras RA, Stange C. The Carrot Phytoene Synthase 2 ( DcPSY2) Promotes Salt Stress Tolerance through a Positive Regulation of Abscisic Acid and Abiotic-Related Genes in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1925. [PMID: 37653842 PMCID: PMC10220825 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Carotenoids, which are secondary metabolites derived from isoprenoids, play a crucial role in photo-protection and photosynthesis, and act as precursors for abscisic acid, a hormone that plays a significant role in plant abiotic stress responses. The biosynthesis of carotenoids in higher plants initiates with the production of phytoene from two geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate molecules. Phytoene synthase (PSY), an essential catalytic enzyme in the process, regulates this crucial step in the pathway. In Daucus carota L. (carrot), two PSY genes (DcPSY1 and DcPSY2) have been identified but only DcPSY2 expression is induced by ABA. Here we show that the ectopic expression of DcPSY2 in Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco) produces in L3 and L6 a significant increase in total carotenoids and chlorophyll a, and a significant increment in phytoene in the T1L6 line. Tobacco transgenic T1L3 and T1L6 lines subjected to chronic NaCl stress showed an increase of between 2 and 3- and 6-fold in survival rate relative to control lines, which correlates directly with an increase in the expression of endogenous carotenogenic and abiotic-related genes, and with ABA levels. Conclusions: These results provide evidence of the functionality of DcPSY2 in conferring salt stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco T1L3 and T1L6 lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Acevedo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Laboratorio de Biología Vegetal e Innovación en Sistemas Agroalimentario, Instituto de Nutrición de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A. Contreras
- Research Unit, Department of R&D, The Not Company SpA (NotCo), Avenida Quilin 3550, Macul, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Claudia Stange
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7750000, Chile
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Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Basis for Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) Storage Roots. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111010. [DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are important compounds of quality and coloration within sweet potato storage roots, but the mechanisms that govern the accumulation of these carotenoids remain poorly understood. In this study, metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of carotenoids were performed using young storage roots (S2) and old storage roots (S4) from white-fleshed (variety S19) and yellow-fleshed (variety BS) sweet potato types. S19 storage roots exhibited significantly lower total carotenoid levels relative to BS storage roots, and different numbers of carotenoid types were detected in the BS-S2, BS-S4, S19-S2, and S19-S4 samples. β-cryptoxanthin was identified as a potential key driver of differences in root coloration between the S19 and BS types. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed significant co-annotation of the carotenoid and abscisic acid (ABA) metabolic pathways, PSY (phytoene synthase), CHYB (β-carotene 3-hydroxylase), ZEP (zeaxanthin epoxidase), NCED3 (9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3), ABA2 (xanthoxin dehydrogenase), and CYP707A (abscisic acid 8’-hydroxylase) genes were found to be closely associated with carotenoid and ABA content in these sweet potato storage roots. The expression patterns of the transcription factors OFP and FAR1 were associated with the ABA content in these two sweet potato types. Together, these results provide a valuable foundation for understanding the mechanisms governing carotenoid biosynthesis in storage roots, and offer a theoretical basis for sweet potato breeding and management.
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Zhao Z, Chen J, Ci F, Pang H, Cheng N, Xing A. α-Carotene: a valuable carotenoid in biological and medical research. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:5606-5617. [PMID: 35478460 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
α-Carotene, one of the C40 carotenes, is a natural lipid-soluble terpene. The chemical structure of α-carotene is based on the unsaturated polyene chain skeleton, with an ε-ring and a β-ring on each side of the skeleton. α-Carotene is widely found in dietary fruits and vegetables, and the concentration depends on the plant species. In addition, processing methods and storage conditions used in the food and medical industries can alter the concentration of α-carotene in raw materials. This review of α-carotene summarizes the major studies on chemical structure, source, extraction, detection, biosynthesis, processing effect, bioactivity, medicine, and biotechnology. Whether α-carotene supplementation or a diet rich in fruits and vegetables has a positive effect on the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other diseases is the focus of this study. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Zhao
- Department of Environmental and Food Engineering, Liuzhou Vocational and Technical College, Liuzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental and Food Engineering, Liuzhou Vocational and Technical College, Liuzhou, China
| | - FangFang Ci
- Weihai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Weihai, China
| | - He Pang
- Ningbo Innolux Optoelectronics Ltd, Innolux Display Group, Innolux Corporation, Ningbo, China
| | - Ning Cheng
- Department of Environmental and Food Engineering, Liuzhou Vocational and Technical College, Liuzhou, China
| | - Aijia Xing
- Department of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology (Rongcheng Campus), Weihai, China
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