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Li C, Luo S, Feng L, Wang Q, Cheng J, Xie J, Lin Y, Fu Y, Jiang D, Chen T. Protist ubiquitin ligase effector PbE3-2 targets cysteine protease RD21A to impede plant immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1764-1778. [PMID: 38035763 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot, caused by the soil-borne protist pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most devastating diseases of Brassica oil and vegetable crops worldwide. Understanding the pathogen infection strategy is crucial for the development of disease control. However, because of its obligate biotrophic nature, the molecular mechanism by which this pathogen promotes infection remains largely unknown. P. brassicae E3 ubiquitin ligase 2 (PbE3-2) is a Really Interesting New Gene (RING)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase in P. brassicae with E3 ligase activity in vitro. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) invertase assay and apoplast washing fluid extraction showed that PbE3-2 harbors a functional signal peptide. Overexpression of PbE3-2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resulted in higher susceptibility to P. brassicae and decreases in chitin-triggered reactive oxygen species burst and expression of marker genes in salicylic acid signaling. PbE3-2 interacted with and ubiquitinated host cysteine protease RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 21A (RD21A) in vitro and in vivo. Mutant plants deficient in RD21A exhibited similar susceptibility and compromised immune responses as in PbE3-2 overexpression plants. We show that PbE3-2, which targets RD21A, is an important virulence factor for P. brassicae. Two other secretory RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases in P. brassicae performed the same function as PbE3-2 and ubiquitinated RD21A. This study reveals a substantial virulence functional role of protist E3 ubiquitin ligases and demonstrates a mechanism by which protist E3 ubiquitin ligases degrade host immune-associated cysteine proteases to impede host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shaofeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
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Wang S, McLellan H, Boevink PC, Birch PRJ. RxLR Effectors: Master Modulators, Modifiers and Manipulators. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:754-763. [PMID: 37750829 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-23-0054-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic effectors with an Arg-any amino acid-Arg-Leu (RxLR) motif are encoded by hundreds of genes within the genomes of oomycete Phytophthora spp. and downy mildew pathogens. There has been a dramatic increase in our understanding of the evolution, function, and recognition of these effectors. Host proteins with a wide range of subcellular localizations and functions are targeted by RxLR effectors. Many processes are manipulated, including transcription, post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination, secretion, and intracellular trafficking. This involves an array of RxLR effector modes-of-action, including stabilization or destabilization of protein targets, altering or disrupting protein complexes, inhibition or utility of target enzyme activities, and changing the location of protein targets. Interestingly, approximately 50% of identified host proteins targeted by RxLR effectors are negative regulators of immunity. Avirulence RxLR effectors may be directly or indirectly detected by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat resistance (NLR) proteins. Direct recognition by a single NLR of RxLR effector orthologues conserved across multiple Phytophthora pathogens may provide wide protection of diverse crops. Failure of RxLR effectors to interact with or appropriately manipulate target proteins in nonhost plants has been shown to restrict host range. This knowledge can potentially be exploited to alter host targets to prevent effector interaction, providing a barrier to host infection. Finally, recent evidence suggests that RxLR effectors, like cytoplasmic effectors from fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, may enter host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, U.S.A
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, U.K
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Liang Y, Wang Z, Wang Q, Zhou X, Qian Y. The RING-Finger Protein NbRFP1 Contributes to Regulating the Host Hypersensitive Response Induced by Oat Dwarf Virus RepA. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097697. [PMID: 37175403 PMCID: PMC10178201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study identified that the RepA protein encoded by the oat dwarf virus (ODV) was responsible for inducing a strong hypersensitive response (HR) during the virus infection in non-host tobacco plants. However, little was known about the molecular mechanism of the RepA-elicited HR. Here, a RING-finger protein, which is described as NbRFP1 and is mainly located in the cytoplasm and nucleus in Nicotiana benthamiana cells, was confirmed to interact with RepA. In addition, the accumulation level of NbRFP1 in N. benthamiana leaves was enhanced by either ODV infection or by only RepA expression. The knockdown of NbRFP1 by a TRV-mediated virus-induced gene silencing markedly delayed the ODV or RepA-elicited HR. By contrast, the overexpression of NbRFP1 in N. benthamiana conferred enhanced resistance to ODV infection and promoted RepA-induced HR. Further mutation analysis showed that a RING-finger domain located in NbRFP1 plays important roles in modulating RepA-induced HR, as well as in mediating the interaction between NbRFP1 and RepA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Liang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yajuan Qian
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Hou X, He Z, Che Z, Li H, Tan X, Wang Q. Molecular mechanisms of Phytophthora sojae avirulence effectors escaping host recognition. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1111774. [PMID: 36699593 PMCID: PMC9868715 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1111774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is a well-known destructive oomycete pathogen, which causes soybean stem and root rot and poses a serious threat to global food security. Growing soybean cultivars with the appropriate resistance to P. sojae (Rps) genes are the primary management strategy to reduce losses. In most Phytophthora pathosystems, host resistance protein encoded by a specific R gene in the plant recognizes corresponding RxLR effector protein, encoded by an avirulence gene. This gene-for-gene relationship has been exploited to help breeders and agronomists deploy soybean cultivars. To date, 6 Rps genes have been incorporated into commercial soybean germplasm and trigger plant immunity in response to 8 P. sojae avirulence effectors. The incorporation of Rps genes in the soybean population creates selection pressure in favor of novel pathotypes of P. sojae. The 8 avirulence genes evolved to evade the host immune system, driven by genetic selection pressures. Understanding the evading strategies has important reference value for the prevention and control of Phytophthora stem and root rot. This investigation primarily highlights the research on the strategies of P. sojae avirulence effector evasion of host recognition, looking forward to creating durable resistance genes and thereby enabling successful disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Hou
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zheng He
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zhengzheng Che
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Hengjing Li
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Xinwei Tan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Qunqing Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China,*Correspondence: Qunqing Wang,
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Madina MH, Santhanam P, Asselin Y, Jaswal R, Bélanger RR. Progress and Challenges in Elucidating the Functional Role of Effectors in the Soybean- Phytophthora sojae Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010012. [PMID: 36675833 PMCID: PMC9866111 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae, the agent responsible for stem and root rot, is one of the most damaging plant pathogens of soybean. To establish a compatible-interaction, P. sojae secretes a wide array of effector proteins into the host cell. These effectors have been shown to act either in the apoplastic area or the cytoplasm of the cell to manipulate the host cellular processes in favor of the development of the pathogen. Deciphering effector-plant interactions is important for understanding the role of P. sojae effectors in disease progression and developing approaches to prevent infection. Here, we review the subcellular localization, the host proteins, and the processes associated with P. sojae effectors. We also discuss the emerging topic of effectors in the context of effector-resistance genes interaction, as well as model systems and recent developments in resources and techniques that may provide a better understanding of the soybean-P. sojae interaction.
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Chandra S, Choudhary M, Bagaria PK, Nataraj V, Kumawat G, Choudhary JR, Sonah H, Gupta S, Wani SH, Ratnaparkhe MB. Progress and prospectus in genetics and genomics of Phytophthora root and stem rot resistance in soybean ( Glycine max L.). Front Genet 2022; 13:939182. [PMID: 36452161 PMCID: PMC9702362 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.939182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean is one of the largest sources of protein and oil in the world and is also considered a "super crop" due to several industrial advantages. However, enhanced acreage and adoption of monoculture practices rendered the crop vulnerable to several diseases. Phytophthora root and stem rot (PRSR) caused by Phytophthora sojae is one of the most prevalent diseases adversely affecting soybean production globally. Deployment of genetic resistance is the most sustainable approach for avoiding yield losses due to this disease. PRSR resistance is complex in nature and difficult to address by conventional breeding alone. Genetic mapping through a cost-effective sequencing platform facilitates identification of candidate genes and associated molecular markers for genetic improvement against PRSR. Furthermore, with the help of novel genomic approaches, identification and functional characterization of Rps (resistance to Phytophthora sojae) have also progressed in the recent past, and more than 30 Rps genes imparting complete resistance to different PRSR pathotypes have been reported. In addition, many genomic regions imparting partial resistance have also been identified. Furthermore, the adoption of emerging approaches like genome editing, genomic-assisted breeding, and genomic selection can assist in the functional characterization of novel genes and their rapid introgression for PRSR resistance. Hence, in the near future, soybean growers will likely witness an increase in production by adopting PRSR-resistant cultivars. This review highlights the progress made in deciphering the genetic architecture of PRSR resistance, genomic advances, and future perspectives for the deployment of PRSR resistance in soybean for the sustainable management of PRSR disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pravin K. Bagaria
- Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | | | | | | | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore, India
| | - Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Functional Characterization of Ubiquitination Genes in the Interaction of Soybean—Heterodera glycines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810771. [PMID: 36142678 PMCID: PMC9504373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a kind of post-translational modification of proteins that plays an important role in plant response to biotic and abiotic stress. The response of soybean GmPUB genes to soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) infection is largely unknown. In this study, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the relative expression of 49 GmPUB genes in susceptible cultivar William 82 and resistant cultivar Huipizhi after SCN inoculation. The results show that GmPUB genes responded to cyst nematode infection at 1 day post-inoculation (dpi), 5 dpi, 10 dpi and 15 dpi. The expression levels of GmPUB16A, GmPUB20A, GmCHIPA, GmPUB33A, GmPUB23A and GmPUB24A were dramatically changed during SCN infection. Furthermore, functional analysis of these GmPUB genes by overexpression and RNAi showed that GmPUB20A, GmPUB33A and GmPUB24A negatively regulated soybean resistance under SCN stress. The results from our present study provide insights into the complicated molecular mechanism of the interaction between soybean and SCN.
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How Many Faces Does the Plant U-Box E3 Ligase Have? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042285. [PMID: 35216399 PMCID: PMC8875423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a major type of post-translational modification of proteins in eukaryotes. The plant U-Box (PUB) E3 ligase is the smallest family in the E3 ligase superfamily, but plays a variety of essential roles in plant growth, development and response to diverse environmental stresses. Hence, PUBs are potential gene resources for developing climate-resilient crops. However, there is a lack of review of the latest advances to fully understand the powerful gene family. To bridge the gap and facilitate its use in future crop breeding, we comprehensively summarize the recent progress of the PUB family, including gene evolution, classification, biological functions, and multifarious regulatory mechanisms in plants.
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