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Cadmium in Rice Is Affected by Fertilizer-Borne Chloride and Sulfate Anions: Long-Term Field Versus Pot Experiments. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of Cl− and SO42− based fertilizers on the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in rice plants, a long-term experiment, which has been conducted since 1975, and a short-term pot experiment were designed. The results of the long-term experiment showed that the highest total grain Cd was found in the treatment of fertilizers with rich Cl−, which was 72.7% higher compared to conventional fertilization (CF). However, there was no significant difference between the CF and fertilization with rich SO42− treatments. This phenomenon can be explained by the concentrations of the EDTA extractable Cd being significantly increased by 60% under Cl− treatment, while SO42− treatment showed no significant effect. In the short-term trail, compared to CF, Cd concentrations in the roots increased by 1.07 and 0.93 times in the Cl− and SO42− treated soils, respectively, under Cd1.2 exposure. Meanwhile, Cd concentrations in the shoots enhanced by 96% in Cl− treated soil but decreased by 34.6% in SO42− treated soil. It was therefore concluded that fertilizer-borne Cl− significantly increased the Cd concentration in rice grains in the long-term experiment, but fertilizer-borne SO42− had no significant effect on the Cd concentration in rice grains. However, in the pot experiment, SO42−based fertilizers decreased Cd transport to the shoots of a rice plant grown in a Cd contaminated soil. These findings will improve the rational fertilization of Cd contaminated soils and the production of safer rice.
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