1
|
Wu H, Gao B, Zhang R, Huang Z, Yin Z, Hu X, Yang CX, Du ZQ. Residual network improves the prediction accuracy of genomic selection. Anim Genet 2024; 55:599-611. [PMID: 38746973 DOI: 10.1111/age.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Genetic improvement of complex traits in animal and plant breeding depends on the efficient and accurate estimation of breeding values. Deep learning methods have been shown to be not superior over traditional genomic selection (GS) methods, partially due to the degradation problem (i.e. with the increase of the model depth, the performance of the deeper model deteriorates). Since the deep learning method residual network (ResNet) is designed to solve gradient degradation, we examined its performance and factors related to its prediction accuracy in GS. Here we compared the prediction accuracy of conventional genomic best linear unbiased prediction, Bayesian methods (BayesA, BayesB, BayesC, and Bayesian Lasso), and two deep learning methods, convolutional neural network and ResNet, on three datasets (wheat, simulated and real pig data). ResNet outperformed other methods in both Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) and mean squared error (MSE) on the wheat and simulated data. For the pig backfat depth trait, ResNet still had the lowest MSE, whereas Bayesian Lasso had the highest PCC. We further clustered the pig data into four groups and, on one separated group, ResNet had the highest prediction accuracy (both PCC and MSE). Transfer learning was adopted and capable of enhancing the performance of both convolutional neural network and ResNet. Taken together, our findings indicate that ResNet could improve GS prediction accuracy, affected potentially by factors such as the genetic architecture of complex traits, data volume, and heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaxuan Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Bingxi Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Zehang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Zongjun Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Xia Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Inglis A, Parnell AC, Subramani N, Doohan FM. Machine Learning Applied to the Detection of Mycotoxin in Food: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:268. [PMID: 38922162 PMCID: PMC11209146 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain fungi, pose significant threats to global food safety and public health. These compounds can contaminate a variety of crops, leading to economic losses and health risks to both humans and animals. Traditional lab analysis methods for mycotoxin detection can be time-consuming and may not always be suitable for large-scale screenings. However, in recent years, machine learning (ML) methods have gained popularity for use in the detection of mycotoxins and in the food safety industry in general due to their accurate and timely predictions. We provide a systematic review on some of the recent ML applications for detecting/predicting the presence of mycotoxin on a variety of food ingredients, highlighting their advantages, challenges, and potential for future advancements. We address the need for reproducibility and transparency in ML research through open access to data and code. An observation from our findings is the frequent lack of detailed reporting on hyperparameters in many studies and a lack of open source code, which raises concerns about the reproducibility and optimisation of the ML models used. The findings reveal that while the majority of studies predominantly utilised neural networks for mycotoxin detection, there was a notable diversity in the types of neural network architectures employed, with convolutional neural networks being the most popular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Inglis
- Hamilton Institute, Eolas Building, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland;
| | - Andrew C. Parnell
- Hamilton Institute, Eolas Building, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland;
| | - Natarajan Subramani
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland; (N.S.); (F.M.D.)
| | - Fiona M. Doohan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland; (N.S.); (F.M.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen C, Bhuiyan SA, Ross E, Powell O, Dinglasan E, Wei X, Atkin F, Deomano E, Hayes B. Genomic prediction for sugarcane diseases including hybrid Bayesian-machine learning approaches. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1398903. [PMID: 38751840 PMCID: PMC11095127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1398903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Sugarcane smut and Pachymetra root rots are two serious diseases of sugarcane, with susceptible infected crops losing over 30% of yield. A heritable component to both diseases has been demonstrated, suggesting selection could improve disease resistance. Genomic selection could accelerate gains even further, enabling early selection of resistant seedlings for breeding and clonal propagation. In this study we evaluated four types of algorithms for genomic predictions of clonal performance for disease resistance. These algorithms were: Genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP), including extensions to model dominance and epistasis, Bayesian methods including BayesC and BayesR, Machine learning methods including random forest, multilayer perceptron (MLP), modified convolutional neural network (CNN) and attention networks designed to capture epistasis across the genome-wide markers. Simple hybrid methods, that first used BayesR/GWAS to identify a subset of 1000 markers with moderate to large marginal additive effects, then used attention networks to derive predictions from these effects and their interactions, were also developed and evaluated. The hypothesis for this approach was that using a subset of markers more likely to have an effect would enable better estimation of interaction effects than when there were an extremely large number of possible interactions, especially with our limited data set size. To evaluate the methods, we applied both random five-fold cross-validation and a structured PCA based cross-validation that separated 4702 sugarcane clones (that had disease phenotypes and genotyped for 26k genome wide SNP markers) by genomic relationship. The Bayesian methods (BayesR and BayesC) gave the highest accuracy of prediction, followed closely by hybrid methods with attention networks. The hybrid methods with attention networks gave the lowest variation in accuracy of prediction across validation folds (and lowest MSE), which may be a criteria worth considering in practical breeding programs. This suggests that hybrid methods incorporating the attention mechanism could be useful for genomic prediction of clonal performance, particularly where non-additive effects may be important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chensong Chen
- Center for Animal Science, The Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shamsul A. Bhuiyan
- Sugar Research Australia, Woodford, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Ross
- Center for Animal Science, The Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Owen Powell
- Center for Crop Science, The Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Eric Dinglasan
- Center for Animal Science, The Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xianming Wei
- Sugar Research Australia, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Emily Deomano
- Sugar Research Australia, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben Hayes
- Center for Animal Science, The Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen C, Powell O, Dinglasan E, Ross EM, Yadav S, Wei X, Atkin F, Deomano E, Hayes BJ. Genomic prediction with machine learning in sugarcane, a complex highly polyploid clonally propagated crop with substantial non-additive variation for key traits. THE PLANT GENOME 2023; 16:e20390. [PMID: 37728221 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane has a complex, highly polyploid genome with multi-species ancestry. Additive models for genomic prediction of clonal performance might not capture interactions between genes and alleles from different ploidies and ancestral species. As such, genomic prediction in sugarcane presents an interesting case for machine learning (ML) methods, which are purportedly able to deal with high levels of complexity in prediction. Here, we investigated deep learning (DL) neural networks, including multilayer networks (MLP) and convolution neural networks (CNN), and an ensemble machine learning approach, random forest (RF), for genomic prediction in sugarcane. The data set used was 2912 sugarcane clones, scored for 26,086 genome wide single nucleotide polymorphism markers, with final assessment trial data for total cane harvested (TCH), commercial cane sugar (CCS), and fiber content (Fiber). The clones in the latest trial (2017) were used as a validation set. We compared prediction accuracy of these methods to genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) extended to include dominance and epistatic effects. The prediction accuracies from GBLUP models were up to 0.37 for TCH, 0.43 for CCS, and 0.48 for Fiber, while the optimized ML models had prediction accuracies of 0.35 for TCH, 0.38 for CCS, and 0.48 for Fiber. Both RF and DL neural network models have comparable predictive ability with the additive GBLUP model but are less accurate than the extended GBLUP model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chensong Chen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Owen Powell
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eric Dinglasan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M Ross
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Seema Yadav
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Ben J Hayes
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wen T, Li JH, Wang Q, Gao YY, Hao GF, Song BA. Thermal imaging: The digital eye facilitates high-throughput phenotyping traits of plant growth and stress responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165626. [PMID: 37481085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenotyping is important for plants to cope with environmental changes and ensure plant health. Imaging techniques are perceived as the most critical and reliable tools for studying plant phenotypes. Thermal imaging has opened up new opportunities for nondestructive imaging of plant phenotyping. However, a comprehensive summary of thermal imaging in plant phenotyping is still lacking. Here we discuss the progress and future prospects of thermal imaging for assessing plant growth and stress responses. First, we classify thermal imaging into ground-based and aerial platforms based on their adaptability to different experimental environments (including laboratory, greenhouse, and field). It is convenient to collect phenotypic information of different dimensions. Second, in order to enhance the efficiency of thermal image processing, automatic algorithms based on deep learning are employed instead of traditional manual methods, greatly reducing the time cost of experiments. Considering its ease of implementation, handling and instant response, thermal imaging has been widely used in research on environmental stress, crop yield, and seed vigor. We have found that thermal imaging can detect thermal energy dissipation caused by living organisms (e.g., pests, viruses, bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes), enabling early disease diagnosis. It also recognizes changes leaf surface temperatures resulting from reduced transpiration rates caused by nutrient deficiency, drought, salinity, or freezing. Furthermore, thermal imaging predicts crop yield under different water states and forecasts the viability of dormant seeds after water absorption by monitoring temperature changes in the seeds. This work will assist biologists and agronomists in studying plant phenotypes and serve a guide for breeders to develop high-yielding, stress-tolerant, and superior crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Jian-Hong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Yang-Yang Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Bao-An Song
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao L, Walkowiak S, Fernando WGD. Artificial Intelligence: A Promising Tool in Exploring the Phytomicrobiome in Managing Disease and Promoting Plant Health. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091852. [PMID: 37176910 PMCID: PMC10180744 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in harnessing the microbiome to improve cropping systems. With the availability of high-throughput and low-cost sequencing technologies, gathering microbiome data is becoming more routine. However, the analysis of microbiome data is challenged by the size and complexity of the data, and the incomplete nature of many microbiome databases. Further, to bring microbiome data value, it often needs to be analyzed in conjunction with other complex data that impact on crop health and disease management, such as plant genotype and environmental factors. Artificial intelligence (AI), boosted through deep learning (DL), has achieved significant breakthroughs and is a powerful tool for managing large complex datasets such as the interplay between the microbiome, crop plants, and their environment. In this review, we aim to provide readers with a brief introduction to AI techniques, and we introduce how AI has been applied to areas of microbiome sequencing taxonomy, the functional annotation for microbiome sequences, associating the microbiome community with host traits, designing synthetic communities, genomic selection, field phenotyping, and disease forecasting. At the end of this review, we proposed further efforts that are required to fully exploit the power of AI in studying phytomicrobiomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Y, Zhang Q, Dong W, Li Z, Liu T, Wei W, Zuo M. Autoformer-Based Model for Predicting and Assessing Wheat Quality Changes of Pesticide Residues during Storage. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091833. [PMID: 37174371 PMCID: PMC10178581 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper grain storage plays a critical role in maintaining food quality. Among a variety of grains, wheat has emerged as one of the most important grain reserves globally due to its short growing period, high yield, and storage resistance. To improve the quality assessment of wheat during storage, this study collected and analyzed monitoring data from more than 20 regions in China, including information on storage environmental parameters and changes in wheat pesticide residue concentrations. Based on these factors, an Autoformer-based model was developed to predict the changes in wheat pesticide residue concentrations during storage. A comprehensive wheat quality assessment index Q was set for the predicted and true values of pesticide residue concentrations, then combined with the K-means++ algorithm to assess the quality of wheat during storage. The results of the study demonstrate that the Autoformer model achieved the optimal prediction results and the smallest error values. The mean absolute error (MAE) and the other four error values are 0.11017, 0.01358, 0.04681, 0.11654, and 0.13005. The findings offer technical assistance and a scientific foundation for enhancing the quality of stored wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Liu
- National Engineering Research Centre for Agri-Product Quality Traceability, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qingchuan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Agri-Product Quality Traceability, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wei Dong
- National Engineering Research Centre for Agri-Product Quality Traceability, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zihan Li
- National Engineering Research Centre for Agri-Product Quality Traceability, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- National Engineering Research Centre for Agri-Product Quality Traceability, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Modern Post, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Min Zuo
- National Engineering Research Centre for Agri-Product Quality Traceability, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jubair S, Domaratzki M. Crop genomic selection with deep learning and environmental data: A survey. Front Artif Intell 2023; 5:1040295. [PMID: 36703955 PMCID: PMC9871498 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2022.1040295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Machine learning techniques for crop genomic selections, especially for single-environment plants, are well-developed. These machine learning models, which use dense genome-wide markers to predict phenotype, routinely perform well on single-environment datasets, especially for complex traits affected by multiple markers. On the other hand, machine learning models for predicting crop phenotype, especially deep learning models, using datasets that span different environmental conditions, have only recently emerged. Models that can accept heterogeneous data sources, such as temperature, soil conditions and precipitation, are natural choices for modeling GxE in multi-environment prediction. Here, we review emerging deep learning techniques that incorporate environmental data directly into genomic selection models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Jubair
- Department of Computer Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada,*Correspondence: Sheikh Jubair ✉
| | - Mike Domaratzki
- Department of Computer Science, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qi H, Sun X, Yan W, Ye H, Chen J, Yu J, Jun D, Wang C, Xia T, Chen X, Li D, Zheng D. Genetic relationships and low diversity among the tea-oil Camellia species in Sect . Oleifera, a bulk woody oil crop in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 13:996731. [PMID: 36247558 PMCID: PMC9563498 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.996731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tea-oil Camellia is one of the four woody oil crops in the world and has high ecological, economic and medicinal values. However, there are great differences in the classification and merging of tea-oil Camellia Sect. Oleifera species, which brings difficulties to the innovative utilization and production of tea-oil Camellia resources. Here, ISSR, SRAP and chloroplast sequence markers were analyzed in 18 populations of tea-oil Camellia Sect. Oleifera species to explore their phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity. The results showed that their genetic diversity were low, with mean H and π values of 0.16 and 0.00140, respectively. There was high among-population genetic differentiation, with ISSR and SRAP markers showing an Fst of 0.38 and a high Nm of 1.77 and cpDNA markers showing an Fst of 0.65 and a low Nm of 0.27. The C. gauchowensis, C. vietnamensis and Hainan Island populations formed a single group, showing the closest relationships, and supported being the same species for them with the unifying name C. drupifera and classifying the resources on Hainan Island as C. drupifera. The tea-oil Camellia resources of Hainan Island should be classified as a special ecological type or variety of C. drupifera. However, cpDNA marker-based STRUCTURE analysis showed that the genetic components of the C. osmantha population formed an independent, homozygous cluster; hence, C. osmantha should be a new species in Sect. Oleifera. The C. oleifera var. monosperma and C. oleifera populations clustered into two distinct clades, and the C. oleifera var. monosperma populations formed an independent cluster, accounting for more than 99.00% of its genetic composition; however, the C. oleifera populations contained multiple different cluster components, indicating that C. oleifera var. monosperma significantly differs from C. oleifera and should be considered the independent species C. meiocarpa. Haplotype analysis revealed no rapid expansion in the tested populations, and the haplotypes of C. oleifera, C. meiocarpa and C. osmantha evolved from those of C. drupifera. Our results support the phylogenetic classification of Camellia subgenera, which is highly significant for breeding and production in tea-oil Camellia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huasha Qi
- Hainan, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya Institute, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Special Economic Plant Innovation and Utilization, National Germplasm Resource Chengmai Observation and Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Horticulture Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Xiuxiu Sun
- Hainan, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya Institute, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Special Economic Plant Innovation and Utilization, National Germplasm Resource Chengmai Observation and Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Horticulture Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wuping Yan
- Hainan, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya Institute, Sanya, China
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hang Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Utilization, Improved Variety and Cultivation Engineering Research Center of Oil-Tea Camellia in Guangxi, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- Hainan, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya Institute, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Special Economic Plant Innovation and Utilization, National Germplasm Resource Chengmai Observation and Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Horticulture Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Dai Jun
- Qionghai Tropical Crop Service Center, Qionghai, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Hainan, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya Institute, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Special Economic Plant Innovation and Utilization, National Germplasm Resource Chengmai Observation and Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Horticulture Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Tengfei Xia
- Hainan, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya Institute, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Special Economic Plant Innovation and Utilization, National Germplasm Resource Chengmai Observation and Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Horticulture Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Hainan, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya Institute, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Special Economic Plant Innovation and Utilization, National Germplasm Resource Chengmai Observation and Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Horticulture Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Dongliang Li
- Hainan, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya Institute, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Special Economic Plant Innovation and Utilization, National Germplasm Resource Chengmai Observation and Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Horticulture Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Daojun Zheng
- Hainan, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya Institute, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Special Economic Plant Innovation and Utilization, National Germplasm Resource Chengmai Observation and Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Horticulture Research, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| |
Collapse
|