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Wegner L, Ehlers K. Plasmodesmata dynamics in bryophyte model organisms: secondary formation and developmental modifications of structure and function. PLANTA 2024; 260:45. [PMID: 38965075 PMCID: PMC11224097 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Developing bryophytes differentially modify their plasmodesmata structure and function. Secondary plasmodesmata formation via twinning appears to be an ancestral trait. Plasmodesmata networks in hornwort sporophyte meristems resemble those of angiosperms. All land-plant taxa use plasmodesmata (PD) cell connections for symplasmic communication. In angiosperm development, PD networks undergo an extensive remodeling by structural and functional PD modifications, and by postcytokinetic formation of additional secondary PD (secPD). Since comparable information on PD dynamics is scarce for the embryophyte sister groups, we investigated maturating tissues of Anthoceros agrestis (hornwort), Physcomitrium patens (moss), and Marchantia polymorpha (liverwort). As in angiosperms, quantitative electron microscopy revealed secPD formation via twinning in gametophytes of all model bryophytes, which gives rise to laterally adjacent PD pairs or to complex branched PD. This finding suggests that PD twinning is an ancient evolutionary mechanism to adjust PD numbers during wall expansion. Moreover, all bryophyte gametophytes modify their existing PD via taxon-specific strategies resembling those of angiosperms. Development of type II-like PD morphotypes with enlarged diameters or formation of pit pairs might be required to maintain PD transport rates during wall thickening. Similar to angiosperm leaves, fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching revealed a considerable reduction of the PD permeability in maturating P. patens phyllids. In contrast to previous reports on monoplex meristems of bryophyte gametophytes with single initials, we observed targeted secPD formation in the multi-initial basal meristems of A. agrestis sporophytes. Their PD networks share typical features of multi-initial angiosperm meristems, which may hint at a putative homologous origin. We also discuss that monoplex and multi-initial meristems may require distinct types of PD networks, with or without secPD formation, to control maintenance of initial identity and positional signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Wegner
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Katrin Ehlers
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Marron AO, Sauret‐Güeto S, Rebmann M, Silvestri L, Tomaselli M, Haseloff J. An enhancer trap system to track developmental dynamics in Marchantia polymorpha. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:604-628. [PMID: 37583263 PMCID: PMC10952768 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
A combination of streamlined genetics, experimental tractability and relative morphological simplicity compared to vascular plants makes the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha an ideal model system for studying many aspects of plant biology. Here we describe a transformation vector combining a constitutive fluorescent membrane marker with a nuclear marker that is regulated by nearby enhancer elements and use this to produce a library of enhancer trap lines for Marchantia. Screening gemmae from these lines allowed the identification and characterization of novel marker lines, including markers for rhizoids and oil cells. The library allowed the identification of a margin tissue running around the thallus edge, highlighted during thallus development. The expression of this marker is correlated with auxin levels. We generated multiple markers for the meristematic apical notch region, which have different spatial expression patterns, reappear at different times during meristem regeneration following apical notch excision and have varying responses to auxin supplementation or inhibition. This reveals that there are proximodistal substructures within the apical notch that could not be observed otherwise. We employed our markers to study Marchantia sporeling development, observing meristem emergence as defining the protonema-to-prothallus stage transition, and subsequent production of margin tissue during the prothallus stage. Exogenous auxin treatment stalls meristem emergence at the protonema stage but does not inhibit cell division, resulting in callus-like sporelings with many rhizoids, whereas pharmacologically inhibiting auxin synthesis and transport does not prevent meristem emergence. This enhancer trap system presents a useful resource for the community and will contribute to future Marchantia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan O. Marron
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Susanna Sauret‐Güeto
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
- Present address:
Crop Science CentreUniversity of Cambridge93 Lawrence Weaver, RoadCambridgeCB3 0LEUK
| | - Marius Rebmann
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Linda Silvestri
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Marta Tomaselli
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Jim Haseloff
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
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Kolkas H, Burlat V, Jamet E. Immunochemical Identification of the Main Cell Wall Polysaccharides of the Early Land Plant Marchantia polymorpha. Cells 2023; 12:1833. [PMID: 37508498 PMCID: PMC10378070 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant primary cell walls are composite structures surrounding the protoplast and containing pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose polysaccharides, as well as proteins. Their composition changed during the evolution of the green lineage from algae to terrestrial plants, i.e., from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. The constraints of life in terrestrial environments have generated new requirements for the organisms, necessitating adaptations, such as cell wall modifications. We have studied the cell wall polysaccharide composition of thalli of Marchantia polymorpha, a bryophyte belonging to one of the first land plant genera. Using a collection of specific antibodies raised against different cell wall polysaccharide epitopes, we were able to identify in polysaccharide-enriched fractions: pectins, including low-methylesterified homogalacturonans; rhamnogalacturonan I with arabinan side-chains; and hemicelluloses, such as xyloglucans with XXLG and XXXG modules, mannans, including galactomannans, and xylans. We could also show the even distribution of XXLG xyloglucans and galactomannans in the cell walls of thalli by immunocytochemistry. These results are discussed with regard to the cell wall proteome composition and in the context of the evolution of the green lineage. The cell wall polysaccharides of M. polymorpha illustrate the transition from the charophyte ancestors of terrestrial plants containing xyloglucans, xylans and mannans as hemicelluloses, and embryophytes which do not exhibit mannans as major primary cell wall polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Kolkas
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Vincent Burlat
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
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Meng Q, Kim SJ, Costa MA, Moinuddin SGA, Celoy RM, Smith CA, Cort JR, Davin LB, Lewis NG. Dirigent protein subfamily function and structure in terrestrial plant phenol metabolism. Methods Enzymol 2023; 683:101-150. [PMID: 37087184 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic plant transition to land, and subsequent terrestrial plant species diversification, was accompanied by the emergence and massive elaboration of plant phenol chemo-diversity. Concomitantly, dirigent protein (DP) and dirigent-like protein subfamilies, derived from large multigene families, emerged and became extensively diversified. DP biochemical functions as gateway entry points into new and diverse plant phenol skeletal types then markedly expanded. DPs have at least eight non-uniformly distributed subfamilies, with different DP subfamily members of known biochemical/physiological function now implicated as gateway entries to lignan, lignin, aromatic diterpenoid, pterocarpan and isoflavene pathways. While some other DP subfamily members have jacalin domains, both these and indeed the majority of DPs throughout the plant kingdom await discovery of their biochemical roles. Methods and approaches were developed to discover DP biochemical function as gateway entry points to distinct plant phenol skeletal types in land plants. Various DP 3D X-ray structural determinations enabled structure-based comparative sequence analysis and modeling to understand similarities and differences among the different DP subfamilies. We consider that the core DP β-barrel fold and associated characteristics are likely common to all DPs, with several residues conserved and nearly invariant. There is also considerable variation in residue composition and topography of the putative substrate binding pockets, as well as substantial differences in several loops, such as the β1-β2 loop. All DPs likely bind and stabilize quinone methide intermediates, while guiding distinctive regio- and/or stereo-chemical entry into Nature's chemo-diverse land plant phenol metabolic classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Meng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michael A Costa
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Syed G A Moinuddin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Rhodesia M Celoy
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Clyde A Smith
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - John R Cort
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Laurence B Davin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Norman G Lewis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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San Clemente H, Jamet E. N-glycoproteins in Plant Cell Walls: A Survey. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3204. [PMID: 36501244 PMCID: PMC9738366 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are an extracellular compartment specific to plant cells, which are not found in animal cells. Their composition varies between cell types, plant species, and physiological states. They are composed of a great diversity of polymers, i.e., polysaccharides, proteins, and lignins. Cell wall proteins (CWPs) are major players involved in the plasticity of cell walls which support cell growth and differentiation, as well as adaptation to environmental changes. In order to reach the extracellular space, CWPs are transported through the secretory pathway where they may undergo post-translational modifications, including N-glycosylations on the Asn residues in specific motifs (Asn-X-Ser/Thr-X, with X≠Pro). This review aims at providing a survey of the present knowledge related to cell wall N-glycoproteins with (i) an overview of the experimental workflows, (ii) a selection of relevant articles dedicated to N-glycoproteomics, (iii) a description of the diversity of N-glycans, and (iv) a focus on the importance of N-glycans for CWP structure and/or function.
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San Clemente H, Kolkas H, Canut H, Jamet E. Plant Cell Wall Proteomes: The Core of Conserved Protein Families and the Case of Non-Canonical Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084273. [PMID: 35457091 PMCID: PMC9029284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell wall proteins (CWPs) play critical roles during plant development and in response to stresses. Proteomics has revealed their great diversity. With nearly 1000 identified CWPs, the Arabidopsis thaliana cell wall proteome is the best described to date and it covers the main plant organs and cell suspension cultures. Other monocot and dicot plants have been studied as well as bryophytes, such as Physcomitrella patens and Marchantia polymorpha. Although these proteomes were obtained using various flowcharts, they can be searched for the presence of members of a given protein family. Thereby, a core cell wall proteome which does not pretend to be exhaustive, yet could be defined. It comprises: (i) glycoside hydrolases and pectin methyl esterases, (ii) class III peroxidases, (iii) Asp, Ser and Cys proteases, (iv) non-specific lipid transfer proteins, (v) fasciclin arabinogalactan proteins, (vi) purple acid phosphatases and (vii) thaumatins. All the conserved CWP families could represent a set of house-keeping CWPs critical for either the maintenance of the basic cell wall functions, allowing immediate response to environmental stresses or both. Besides, the presence of non-canonical proteins devoid of a predicted signal peptide in cell wall proteomes is discussed in relation to the possible existence of alternative secretion pathways.
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Althoff F, Wegner L, Ehlers K, Buschmann H, Zachgo S. Developmental Plasticity of the Amphibious Liverwort Riccia fluitans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:909327. [PMID: 35677239 PMCID: PMC9168770 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.909327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The colonization of land by ancestors of embryophyte plants was one of the most significant evolutionary events in the history of life on earth. The lack of a buffering aquatic environment necessitated adaptations for coping with novel abiotic challenges, particularly high light intensities and desiccation as well as the formation of novel anchoring structures. Bryophytes mark the transition from freshwater to terrestrial habitats and form adaptive features such as rhizoids for soil contact and water uptake, devices for gas exchange along with protective and repellent surface layers. The amphibious liverwort Riccia fluitans can grow as a land form (LF) or water form (WF) and was employed to analyze these critical traits in two different habitats. A combination of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies was conducted to characterize and compare WF and LF morphologies. A complete phenotypic adaptation of a WF plant to a terrestrial habitat is accomplished within 15 days after the transition. Stable transgenic R. fluitans lines expressing GFP-TUBULIN and mCherry proteins were generated to study cell division and differentiation processes and revealed a higher cell division activity in enlarged meristematic regions at LF apical notches. Morphological studies demonstrated that the R. fluitans WF initiates air pore formation. However, these pores are arrested at an early four cell stage and do not develop further into open pores that could mediate gas exchange. Similarly, also arrested rhizoid initial cells are formed in the WF, which exhibit a distinctive morphology compared to other ventral epidermal cells. Furthermore, we detected that the LF thallus has a reduced surface permeability compared to the WF, likely mediated by formation of thicker LF cell walls and a distinct cuticle compared to the WF. Our R. fluitans developmental plasticity studies can serve as a basis to further investigate in a single genotype the molecular mechanisms of adaptations essential for plants during the conquest of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Althoff
- Department of Botany, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Linus Wegner
- Department of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ehlers
- Department of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Henrik Buschmann
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
| | - Sabine Zachgo
- Department of Botany, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sabine Zachgo,
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