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Hogan JA, Domke GM, Zhu K, Johnson DJ, Lichstein JW. Climate change determines the sign of productivity trends in US forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2311132121. [PMID: 38227667 PMCID: PMC10823222 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311132121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Forests are integral to the global land carbon sink, which has sequestered ~30% of anthropogenic carbon emissions over recent decades. The persistence of this sink depends on the balance of positive drivers that increase ecosystem carbon storage-e.g., CO2 fertilization-and negative drivers that decrease it-e.g., intensifying disturbances. The net response of forest productivity to these drivers is uncertain due to the challenge of separating their effects from background disturbance-regrowth dynamics. We fit non-linear models to US forest inventory data (113,806 plot remeasurements in non-plantation forests from ~1999 to 2020) to quantify productivity trends while accounting for stand age, tree mortality, and harvest. Productivity trends were generally positive in the eastern United States, where climate change has been mild, and negative in the western United States, where climate change has been more severe. Productivity declines in the western United States cannot be explained by increased mortality or harvest; these declines likely reflect adverse climate-change impacts on tree growth. In the eastern United States, where data were available to partition biomass change into age-dependent and age-independent components, forest maturation and increasing productivity (likely due, at least in part, to CO2 fertilization) contributed roughly equally to biomass carbon sinks. Thus, adverse effects of climate change appear to overwhelm any positive drivers in the water-limited forests of the western United States, whereas forest maturation and positive responses to age-independent drivers contribute to eastern US carbon sinks. The future land carbon balance of forests will likely depend on the geographic extent of drought and heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Aaron Hogan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL32611
| | - Grant M. Domke
- Northern Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Saint Paul, MN55108
| | - Kai Zhu
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Daniel J. Johnson
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL32611
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Chang Z, Hao L, Lu Y, Liu L, Chen C, Shi W, Li Y, Wang Y, Tian Y. Effects of elevated CO 2 concentration and experimental warming on morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of winter wheat under soil water deficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1227286. [PMID: 37600196 PMCID: PMC10436319 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1227286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change and freshwater scarcity have become two major environmental issues that constrain the sustainable development of the world economy. Climate warming caused by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration can change global/regional rainfall patterns, leading to uneven global seasonal precipitation distribution and frequent regional extreme drought events, resulting in a drastic reduction of available water resources during the critical crop reproduction period, thus causing many important food-producing regions to face severe water deficiency problems. Understanding the potential processes and mechanisms of crops in response to elevated CO2 concentration and temperature under soil water deficiency may further shed lights on the potential risks of climate change on the primary productivity and grain yield of agriculture. We examined the effects of elevated CO2 concentration (e[CO2]) and temperature (experimental warming) on plant biomass and leaf area, stomatal morphology and distribution, leaf gas exchange and mesophyll anatomy, rubisco activity and gene expression level of winter wheat grown at soil water deficiency with environmental growth chambers. We found that e[CO2] × water × warming sharply reduced plant biomass by 57% and leaf photosynthesis (P n) 50%, although elevated [CO2] could alleviated the stress from water × warming at the amount of gene expression in RbcL3 (128%) and RbcS2 (215%). At ambient [CO2], the combined stress of warming and water deficiency resulted in a significant decrease in biomass (52%), leaf area (50%), P n (71%), and G s (90%) of winter wheat. Furthermore, the total nonstructural carbohydrates were accumulated 10% and 27% and increased R d by 127% and 99% when subjected to water × warming and e[CO2] × water × warming. These results suggest that water × warming may cause irreversible damage in winter wheat and thus the effect of "CO2 fertilization effect" may be overestimated by the current process-based ecological model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Chang
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Lihua Hao
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yunze Lu
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Liang Liu
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Changhua Chen
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yue Li
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yanrui Wang
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yinshuai Tian
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
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Zhang Z, Hu Y, Yu S, Zhao X, Dai G, Deng G, Bao J. Effects of drought stress and elevated CO2 on starch fine structures and functional properties in indica rice. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:120044. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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