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Luo X, Jiang X, Schmitt V, Kulkarni SR, Tran HC, Kacprzak SM, Van Breusegem F, Van Aken O, Vandepoele K, De Clercq I. Arabidopsis transcription factor ANAC102 predominantly expresses a nuclear protein and acts as a negative regulator of methyl viologen-induced oxidative stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4655-4670. [PMID: 38812358 PMCID: PMC7616362 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Plants, being sessile organisms, constantly need to respond to environmental stresses, often leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While ROS can be harmful, they also act as second messengers guiding plant growth and stress responses. Because chloroplasts are sensitive to environmental changes and are both a source and a target of ROS during stress conditions, they are important in conveying environmental changes to the nucleus, where acclimation responses are coordinated to maintain organellar and overall cellular homeostasis. ANAC102 has previously been established as a regulator of β-cyclocitral-mediated chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling, protecting plants against photooxidative stress. However, debates persist about where ANAC102 is located-in chloroplasts or in the nucleus. Our study, utilizing the genomic ANAC102 sequence driven by its native promoter, establishes ANAC102 primarily as a nuclear protein, lacking a complete N-terminal chloroplast-targeting peptide. Moreover, our research reveals the sensitivity of plants overexpressing ANAC102 to severe superoxide-induced chloroplast oxidative stress. Transcriptome analysis unraveled a dual role of ANAC102 in negatively and positively regulating genome-wide transcriptional responses to chloroplast oxidative stress. Through the integration of published data and our own study, we constructed a comprehensive transcriptional network, which suggests that ANAC102 exerts direct and indirect control over transcriptional responses through downstream transcription factor networks, providing deeper insights into the ANAC102-mediated regulatory landscape during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Luo
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xinqiang Jiang
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052Ghent, Belgium
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Vivian Schmitt
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund223 62, Sweden
| | - Shubhada R Kulkarni
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052Ghent, Belgium
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Huy Cuong Tran
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund223 62, Sweden
| | | | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Klaas Vandepoele
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for AI & Computational Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge De Clercq
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Fijalkowski I, Snauwaert V, Van Damme P. Proteins à la carte: riboproteogenomic exploration of bacterial N-terminal proteoform expression. mBio 2024; 15:e0033324. [PMID: 38511928 PMCID: PMC11005335 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00333-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has become evident that the true complexity of bacterial proteomes remains underestimated. Gene annotation tools are known to propagate biases and overlook certain classes of truly expressed proteins, particularly proteoforms-protein isoforms arising from a single gene. Recent (re-)annotation efforts heavily rely on ribosome profiling by providing a direct readout of translation to fully describe bacterial proteomes. In this study, we employ a robust riboproteogenomic pipeline to conduct a systematic census of expressed N-terminal proteoform pairs, representing two isoforms encoded by a single gene raised by annotated and alternative translation initiation, in Salmonella. Intriguingly, conditional-dependent changes in relative utilization of annotated and alternative translation initiation sites (TIS) were observed in several cases. This suggests that TIS selection is subject to regulatory control, adding yet another layer of complexity to our understanding of bacterial proteomes. IMPORTANCE With the emerging theme of genes within genes comprising the existence of alternative open reading frames (ORFs) generated by translation initiation at in-frame start codons, mechanisms that control the relative utilization of annotated and alternative TIS need to be unraveled and our molecular understanding of resulting proteoforms broadened. Utilizing complementary ribosome profiling strategies to map ORF boundaries, we uncovered dual-encoding ORFs generated by in-frame TIS usage in Salmonella. Besides demonstrating that alternative TIS usage may generate proteoforms with different characteristics, such as differential localization and specialized function, quantitative aspects of conditional retapamulin-assisted ribosome profiling (Ribo-RET) translation initiation maps offer unprecedented insights into the relative utilization of annotated and alternative TIS, enabling the exploration of gene regulatory mechanisms that control TIS usage and, consequently, the translation of N-terminal proteoform pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Fijalkowski
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valdes Snauwaert
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Wu TY, Li YR, Chang KJ, Fang JC, Urano D, Liu MJ. Modeling alternative translation initiation sites in plants reveals evolutionarily conserved cis-regulatory codes in eukaryotes. Genome Res 2024; 34:272-285. [PMID: 38479836 PMCID: PMC10984385 DOI: 10.1101/gr.278100.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
mRNA translation relies on identifying translation initiation sites (TISs) in mRNAs. Alternative TISs are prevalent across plant transcriptomes, but the mechanisms for their recognition are unclear. Using ribosome profiling and machine learning, we developed models for predicting alternative TISs in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Distinct feature sets were predictive of AUG and nonAUG TISs in 5' untranslated regions and coding sequences, including a novel CU-rich sequence that promoted plant TIS activity, a translational enhancer found across dicots and monocots, and humans and viruses. Our results elucidate the mechanistic and evolutionary basis of TIS recognition, whereby cis-regulatory RNA signatures affect start site selection. The TIS prediction model provides global estimates of TISs to discover neglected protein-coding genes across plant genomes. The prevalence of cis-regulatory signatures across plant species, humans, and viruses suggests their broad and critical roles in reprogramming the translational landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ying Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Ru Li
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jyun Chang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Jhen-Cheng Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711, Taiwan
| | - Daisuke Urano
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Ming-Jung Liu
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 711, Taiwan;
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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4
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van Wijk KJ, Bentolila S, Leppert T, Sun Q, Sun Z, Mendoza L, Li M, Deutsch EW. Detection and editing of the updated Arabidopsis plastid- and mitochondrial-encoded proteomes through PeptideAtlas. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1411-1430. [PMID: 37879112 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ecotype Col-0 has plastid and mitochondrial genomes encoding over 100 proteins. Public databases (e.g. Araport11) have redundancy and discrepancies in gene identifiers for these organelle-encoded proteins. RNA editing results in changes to specific amino acid residues or creation of start and stop codons for many of these proteins, but the impact of RNA editing at the protein level is largely unexplored due to the complexities of detection. Here, we assembled the nonredundant set of identifiers, their correct protein sequences, and 452 predicted nonsynonymous editing sites of which 56 are edited at lower frequency. We then determined accumulation of edited and/or unedited proteoforms by searching ∼259 million raw tandem MS spectra from ProteomeXchange, which is part of PeptideAtlas (www.peptideatlas.org/builds/arabidopsis/). We identified all mitochondrial proteins and all except 3 plastid-encoded proteins (NdhG/Ndh6, PsbM, and Rps16), but no proteins predicted from the 4 ORFs were identified. We suggest that Rps16 and 3 of the ORFs are pseudogenes. Detection frequencies for each edit site and type of edit (e.g. S to L/F) were determined at the protein level, cross-referenced against the metadata (e.g. tissue), and evaluated for technical detection challenges. We detected 167 predicted edit sites at the proteome level. Minor frequency sites were edited at low frequency at the protein level except for cytochrome C biogenesis 382 at residue 124 (Ccb382-124). Major frequency sites (>50% editing of RNA) only accumulated in edited form (>98% to 100% edited) at the protein level, with the exception of Rpl5-22. We conclude that RNA editing for major editing sites is required for stable protein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas J van Wijk
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Stephane Bentolila
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tami Leppert
- Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zhi Sun
- Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Luis Mendoza
- Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Margaret Li
- Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Eric W Deutsch
- Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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van Wijk KJ, Leppert T, Sun Z, Kearly A, Li M, Mendoza L, Guzchenko I, Debley E, Sauermann G, Routray P, Malhotra S, Nelson A, Sun Q, Deutsch EW. Detection of the Arabidopsis Proteome and Its Post-translational Modifications and the Nature of the Unobserved (Dark) Proteome in PeptideAtlas. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:185-214. [PMID: 38104260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a new release of the Arabidopsis thaliana PeptideAtlas proteomics resource (build 2023-10) providing protein sequence coverage, matched mass spectrometry (MS) spectra, selected post-translational modifications (PTMs), and metadata. 70 million MS/MS spectra were matched to the Araport11 annotation, identifying ∼0.6 million unique peptides and 18,267 proteins at the highest confidence level and 3396 lower confidence proteins, together representing 78.6% of the predicted proteome. Additional identified proteins not predicted in Araport11 should be considered for the next Arabidopsis genome annotation. This release identified 5198 phosphorylated proteins, 668 ubiquitinated proteins, 3050 N-terminally acetylated proteins, and 864 lysine-acetylated proteins and mapped their PTM sites. MS support was lacking for 21.4% (5896 proteins) of the predicted Araport11 proteome: the "dark" proteome. This dark proteome is highly enriched for E3 ligases, transcription factors, and for certain (e.g., CLE, IDA, PSY) but not other (e.g., THIONIN, CAP) signaling peptides families. A machine learning model trained on RNA expression data and protein properties predicts the probability that proteins will be detected. The model aids in discovery of proteins with short half-life (e.g., SIG1,3 and ERF-VII TFs) and for developing strategies to identify the missing proteins. PeptideAtlas is linked to TAIR, tracks in JBrowse, and several other community proteomics resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas J van Wijk
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tami Leppert
- Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Zhi Sun
- Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Alyssa Kearly
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Margaret Li
- Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Luis Mendoza
- Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Isabell Guzchenko
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Erica Debley
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Georgia Sauermann
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Pratyush Routray
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences (SIPS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Sagunya Malhotra
- Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Andrew Nelson
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Qi Sun
- Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Eric W Deutsch
- Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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6
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Simoens L, Fijalkowski I, Van Damme P. Exposing the small protein load of bacterial life. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad063. [PMID: 38012116 PMCID: PMC10723866 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-growing repertoire of genomic techniques continues to expand our understanding of the true diversity and richness of prokaryotic genomes. Riboproteogenomics laid the foundation for dynamic studies of previously overlooked genomic elements. Most strikingly, bacterial genomes were revealed to harbor robust repertoires of small open reading frames (sORFs) encoding a diverse and broadly expressed range of small proteins, or sORF-encoded polypeptides (SEPs). In recent years, continuous efforts led to great improvements in the annotation and characterization of such proteins, yet many challenges remain to fully comprehend the pervasive nature of small proteins and their impact on bacterial biology. In this work, we review the recent developments in the dynamic field of bacterial genome reannotation, catalog the important biological roles carried out by small proteins and identify challenges obstructing the way to full understanding of these elusive proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Simoens
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Igor Fijalkowski
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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7
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De Ryck J, Van Damme P, Goormachtig S. From prediction to function: Current practices and challenges towards the functional characterization of type III effectors. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1113442. [PMID: 36846751 PMCID: PMC9945535 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a well-studied pathogenicity determinant of many bacteria through which effectors (T3Es) are translocated into the host cell, where they exercise a wide range of functions to deceive the host cell's immunity and to establish a niche. Here we look at the different approaches that are used to functionally characterize a T3E. Such approaches include host localization studies, virulence screenings, biochemical activity assays, and large-scale omics, such as transcriptomics, interactomics, and metabolomics, among others. By means of the phytopathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) as a case study, the current advances of these methods will be explored, alongside the progress made in understanding effector biology. Data obtained by such complementary methods provide crucial information to comprehend the entire function of the effectome and will eventually lead to a better understanding of the phytopathogen, opening opportunities to tackle it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joren De Ryck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Hoernstein SNW, Özdemir B, van Gessel N, Miniera AA, Rogalla von Bieberstein B, Nilges L, Schweikert Farinha J, Komoll R, Glauz S, Weckerle T, Scherzinger F, Rodriguez-Franco M, Müller-Schüssele SJ, Reski R. A deeply conserved protease, acylamino acid-releasing enzyme (AARE), acts in ageing in Physcomitrella and Arabidopsis. Commun Biol 2023; 6:61. [PMID: 36650210 PMCID: PMC9845386 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are constant by-products of aerobic life. In excess, ROS lead to cytotoxic protein aggregates, which are a hallmark of ageing in animals and linked to age-related pathologies in humans. Acylamino acid-releasing enzymes (AARE) are bifunctional serine proteases, acting on oxidized proteins. AARE are found in all domains of life, albeit under different names, such as acylpeptide hydrolase (APEH/ACPH), acylaminoacyl peptidase (AAP), or oxidized protein hydrolase (OPH). In humans, AARE malfunction is associated with age-related pathologies, while their function in plants is less clear. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of AARE genes in the plant lineage and an in-depth analysis of AARE localization and function in the moss Physcomitrella and the angiosperm Arabidopsis. AARE loss-of-function mutants have not been described for any organism so far. We generated and analysed such mutants and describe a connection between AARE function, aggregation of oxidized proteins and plant ageing, including accelerated developmental progression and reduced life span. Our findings complement similar findings in animals and humans, and suggest a unified concept of ageing may exist in different life forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian N W Hoernstein
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Buğra Özdemir
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Euro-BioImaging Bio-Hub, EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nico van Gessel
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alessandra A Miniera
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Rogalla von Bieberstein
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberduerrbacher Strasse 6, 97072, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lars Nilges
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joana Schweikert Farinha
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ramona Komoll
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Heraeus Medical GmbH, Philipp-Reis-Straße 8-13, 61273, Wehrheim, Germany
| | - Stella Glauz
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Weckerle
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Zymo Research Europe GmbH, Muelhauser Strasse 9, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Scherzinger
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marta Rodriguez-Franco
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie J Müller-Schüssele
- Molecular Botany, Department of Biology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 70, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Schaenzlestrasse 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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