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Qi DY, Shao YZ, Yang R, Liu CL, Feng GH, Pan WY, Feng MG, Tong SM. Emulsifiable oil-formulated Beauveria bassiana competes with imidacloprid for seasonal control of cereal aphids in Zhejiang, China. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2929-2936. [PMID: 38285453 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternatives to neonicotinoids against cereal aphids are needed to mitigate aphid resistance and non-target effects. The emulsifiable oil formulations of two Beauveria bassiana strains, namely Bb registered as a mycoinsecticide and TBb overexpressing an endogenous virulence factor, were tested for seasonal control of cereal aphids at the elongating (April 7) to milk ripening (May 12) stages of winter wheat crop in Yuhang, Zhejiang. Each of three field trials consisted of blank control and the treatments (three randomized 100-m2 plots per capita) of each fungal strain sprayed biweekly at rates of 1.0 × 1013 and 1.5 × 1013 conidia ha-1 and 10% imidacloprid WP sprayed biweekly at a label rate. RESULTS Tiller infestation percentage and aphid density in the 5-week field trials after the first spray were reduced to 18.7-22.4% and 9.1-12.4 aphids per tiller in the fungal treatments, and 12.8-25.3% and 2.8-20.9 aphids per tiller in the chemical treatment, contrasting with 49.2-60.3% and 37.1-108.5 aphids per tiller in the control. Percent control efficacies (±SD) computed with weekly aphid densities over the period averaged 84.0 ± 1.6 and 85.3 ± 1.8 versus 78.0 ± 4.0 and 79.9 ± 3.2 in the high-rate versus low-rate treatments of Bb and TBb, respectively, and 84.5 ± 7.8 in the chemical treatment. Imidacloprid showed faster kill action but more variable efficacy than the fungal treatments throughout the trials. CONCLUSION Either Bb or TBb formulation competes with imidacloprid in reducing percent infestation and aphid density. The overall efficacy was significantly higher in the treatments of TBb than of Bb. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Yi Qi
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Zhi Shao
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ru Yang
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Ling Liu
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guan-Hua Feng
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yue Pan
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sen-Miao Tong
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Zhao Y, Yan X, Zeng Z, Zhao D, Chen P, Wang Y, Chen F, Wang C. Integrated genome-wide association study and QTL mapping reveals qSa-3A associated with English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) resistance in wheat. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:3970-3978. [PMID: 37283187 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), is a devastating pest impacts yield and quality in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Breeding resistant wheat varieties and detecting resistance genes are important strategies to control aphid. RESULTS In this study, we evaluated the number of aphids per spike, the rate of thousand kernel weight decrease and aphid index based on three classic resistance mechanisms (antibiosis, tolerance and antixenosis), and detected SNPs/QTLs for resistance to S. avenae in a natural population of 163 varieties with 20 689 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of 164 lines with 3627 diversity arrays technology (DArT) markers. Results showed that 83 loci significantly associated with S. avenae antibiosis and 182 loci significantly associated with S. avenae tolerance were detected by genome-wide association study (GWAS), explaining 6.47-15.82% and 8.36-35.61% of the phenotypic variances, respectively. The wsnp_Ku_c4568_8243646 detected in two periods was localized at 34.52 Mb on chromosome 3AS. Then, we confirmed a stable QSa.haust-3A.2 explained 11.19-20.10% of the phenotypic variances in two periods with S. avenae antixenosis in the physical interval of 37.49-37.50 Mb on chromosome 3A in the RIL population. Therefore, a narrow region in the physical interval of 34.52-37.50 Mb on chromosome 3AS was named as qSa-3A, which was a new locus between wsnp_Ku_c4568_8243646 and QSa.haust-3A.2 associated with S. avenae resistance. CONCLUSION We found qSa-3A was a new locus associated with S. avenae resistance. The results could be applied in gene cloning and genetic improvement of S. avenae resistance in wheat. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuefang Yan
- College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhankui Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dehui Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Agronomy College/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunping Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
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Yan X, Xu S, Guo J, Hu J, He D, Jia L, Shang H, Li G, Luo K. Multifunctionality of Jasmonic Acid Accumulation during Aphid Infestation in Altering the Plant Physiological Traits That Suppress the Plant Defenses in Wheat Cultivar XN979. INSECTS 2023; 14:622. [PMID: 37504628 PMCID: PMC10380978 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Crop plants have coevolved phytohormone-mediated defenses to combat and/or repel their colonizers. The present study determined the effects of jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation during aphid infestation on the preference and performance of Sitobion miscanthi Takahashi (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and its potential role in fine-tuning hormone-dependent responses in XN979 wheat cultivar seedlings was evaluated via the transcriptional profiles of marker genes related to JA- and salicylic acid (SA)-dependent responses. The preference experiment and the life table data reveal that direct foliage spraying of 2.5 mM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) exhibited weak negative or positive effects on the preferential selection and the population dynamics and oviposition parameters of S. miscanthi. The transcription level of phytohormone biosynthesis genes shows that foliage spraying of MeJA significantly upregulated the marker genes in the JA biosynthesis pathway while downregulating the SA pathway. In addition, either MeJA treatment or previous aphid infestation significantly induced upregulated transcription of the genes involved in the JA- and SA-dependent defense responses, and the transcription level of the tryptophan decarboxylase (TaTDC) gene, which facilitates the conversion of L-tryptophan to tryptamine, was rapidly upregulated after the treatments as well. The main products of tryptamine conversion could play a crucial role in suppressing SA-dependent defense responses. These results will provide more experimental evidence to enable understanding of the antagonistic interaction between hormone signaling processes in cereals under aphid infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Shicai Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Jiazhen Hu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Dejia He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Li Jia
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Huanzhang Shang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Guangwei Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Kun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
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Gandrabur E, Terentev A, Fedotov A, Emelyanov D, Vereshchagina A. The Peculiarities of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walk.) Population Formation Depending on Its Clonal and Morphotypic Organization during the Summer Period. INSECTS 2023; 14:271. [PMID: 36975956 PMCID: PMC10051124 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ecological plasticity of aphid populations is determined by their clonal and morphotypic diversity. Clones will be successful when the development of their component morphotypes is optimized. The purpose of this work was to reveal the peculiarities of clonal composition and the developmental characteristics of different summer morphotypes for the rose-grass aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum (Walk.), which is an important host-alternating cereal pest and a useful model species. During the experiments, aphids were kept under ambient conditions on wheat seedlings at natural temperatures and humidity levels. An analysis of the reproduction of summer morphotypes and the resulting composition of offspring found that variation among the clones and morphotypes, as well as generational effects and an influence of sexual reproduction (and interactions between all factors) influenced the population structure of M. dirhodum. The reproduction of emigrants was less among the clones than that of the apterous or alate exules. The number of offspring produced by apterous exules differed throughout the growing season (generational effects) and between years, with different clones exhibiting different responses. There were dispersing aphids only among the offspring of apterous exules. These results can contribute to future advances in the forecasting and monitoring of aphid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gandrabur
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.T.)
| | - Anton Terentev
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.T.)
- Advanced Digital Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Alexander Fedotov
- Advanced Digital Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Dmitriy Emelyanov
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.T.)
- Advanced Digital Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Alla Vereshchagina
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.T.)
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Kou X, Bai S, Luo Y, Yu J, Guo H, Wang C, Zhang H, Chen C, Liu X, Ji W. Construction of a Modified Clip Cage and Its Effects on the Life-History Parameters of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) and Defense Responses of Triticum aestivum. INSECTS 2022; 13:777. [PMID: 36135478 PMCID: PMC9503654 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Clip cages are commonly used to confine aphids or other small insects to a single leaf when conducting plant-small insect interaction studies; however, clip cages are usually heavy or do not efficiently transmit light, which has an impact on leaf physiology, limiting their application. Here, simple, lightweight, and transparent modified clip cages were constructed using punched clear plastic cups, cut transparent polyvinyl chloride sheets, nylon organdy mesh, and bent duck-bill clips. These cages can be clipped directly onto dicot leaves or attached to monocot leaves with bamboo skewers and elastic bands. The weight, production time, and aphid escape rates of the modified clip cages were 3.895 ± 0.004 g, less than 3 min, and 2.154 ± 0.323%, respectively. The effects of the modified clip cage on the growth, development, and reproduction of the English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae Fabricius) in comparison with the whole cage were studied. The biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to the cages were also investigated. No significant differences were observed in the life table parameters, nymph mortality, and adult fecundity in S. avenae confined to clip cages and whole cages, but the clip cages were more time efficient than whole cages when conducting life table studies. Moreover, the hydrogen peroxide accumulation, callose deposition, and cell necrosis in wheat leaves covered by empty clip cages and empty whole cages were similar, and significantly lower than treatments where the aphids were inside the clip cage. The results demonstrate that the modified clip cages had negligible effects on the plant and aphid physiology, suggesting that they are effective for studying plant-small insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudan Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shichao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yufeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiuyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Huan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chunhuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xinlun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wanquan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
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Wu Q, Zhang X, Weng X, Gao L, Chang X, Wang X, Lu Z. Identification and Characterization of Resistance of Three Aphid Species on Contrasting Alfalfa Cultivars. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13060530. [PMID: 35735867 PMCID: PMC9225031 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Aphis craccivora Koch (cowpea aphid, CPA), Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (pea aphid, PA) and Therioaphis trifolii Buckton (spotted alfalfa aphid, SAA) are the three species of devastating pests on alfalfa in China. A study was conducted in the laboratory for identification and characterization of resistance to these three aphids among 16 of the main alfalfa cultivars planted in China. Resistance was indicated by antibiosis, antixenosis, and measuring feeding behavior using EPG (electrical penetration graph). The results indicated that different alfalfa cultivars have significantly different resistance levels to a particular species of aphid, and the same alfalfa variety also has different resistance to the three aphid species. Specifically, we evaluated the resistance of different alfalfa cultivars to CPA, which can help us for further study on the defense mechanism against CPA and for better management of this pest. Abstract Aphids on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) including Aphis craccivora Koch (cowpea aphid, CPA), Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (pea aphid, PA) and Therioaphis trifolii Buckton (spotted alfalfa aphid, SAA) cause significant yield losses worldwide. In this experiment, the development of these three species of aphids on 16 alfalfa cultivars was compared. The results showed that the plant cultivar had a significant influence on the development of aphids as there are significant differences in the body weight of aphids reared on different alfalfa cultivars. In addition, antibiosis between the alfalfa cultivars Pegasis and Gannong NO.9 and the three species of aphids was evaluated by measuring aphid body weight and fecundity. Antixenosis was measured using choice tests, and feeding behavior was quantified using electrical penetration graphs (EPG). The Pegasis cultivar was observed to have both antibiosis and antixenosis effects with CPA, but was susceptible to PA and SAA compared with the Gannong NO.9 cultivar. CPA had less mean body weight, less fecundity, and shorter feeding time on the Pegasis cultivar, and preferred to settle on Gannong NO.9 cultivar. In contrast, Gannong NO.9 exhibits antibiosis and antixenosis to PA and SAA compared with Pegasis, as shown by lower body weight, lower fecundity and chose to settle less often, but EPG data showed that PA and SAA showed no different significance in feeding behavior between Pegasis and Gannong NO.9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- The First-Class Discipline of Prataculture Science of Ningxia University (No. NXYLXK2017A01), College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiang Zhang
- The First-Class Discipline of Prataculture Science of Ningxia University (No. NXYLXK2017A01), College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xianghao Weng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Lingling Gao
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia;
| | - Xuefei Chang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhaozhi Lu
- The First-Class Discipline of Prataculture Science of Ningxia University (No. NXYLXK2017A01), College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.)
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (X.W.); (X.C.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-991-788-5408
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Zhang KX, Li HY, Quandahor P, Gou YP, Li CC, Zhang QY, Haq IU, Ma Y, Liu CZ. Responses of Six Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum) to Wheat Aphid (Sitobion avenae) Infestation. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13060508. [PMID: 35735845 PMCID: PMC9225215 DOI: 10.3390/insects13060508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Sitobion avenae Fabricius is an important wheat aphid species in China, causing significant losses to wheat production. Improving host-plant resistance is an effective and environmentally friendly method of aphid control. Sitobion avenae resistance and the total phenolic and flavonoid content accumulation of six wheat cultivars to S. avenae infestation were investigated to elucidate responses of six wheat varieties against S. avenae. Among the six tested wheat cultivars, Yongliang No.15 and Ganchun No.18 demonstrated high resistance to S. avenae. The correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between total phenol and flavonoid content accumulation and developmental duration (DD), and a negative relationship between accumulation and weight gain (WG) and mean relative growth rate (MRGR). The correlation between flavonoid and biological parameters was statistically stronger than total phenol. Our findings could serve as a theoretical basis for further research into the resistance mechanism of wheat varieties to S. avenae. Abstract Resistant variety screening is widely recommended for the management of Sitobion avenae. The purpose of this study was to assess responses of six wheat varieties (lines) to S. avenae. The aphid quantity ratio (AQR) was used to assess S. avenae resistance. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to perform a correlation analysis between AQR, biological parameters, and the accumulation of total phenolic and flavonoid content. When compared to the other cultivars, the results showed that two cultivars, Yongliang No.15 and Ganchun No.18, had high resistance against S. avenae. The correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between total phenol and flavonoid content accumulation and developmental duration (DD), and a negative relationship between accumulation and weight gain (WG) and mean relative growth rate (MRGR). The correlation between flavonoid and biological parameters was statistically stronger than the correlation between total phenol and biological parameters. This research provides critical cues for screening and improving aphid-resistant wheat varieties in the field and will aid in our understanding of the resistance mechanism of wheat varieties against S. avenae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xin Zhang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.-X.Z.); (Y.-P.G.); (C.-C.L.); (Q.-Y.Z.); (I.U.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Hong-Yan Li
- Wuwei Shiyanghe Forestry General Field, Wuwei 733000, China;
| | - Peter Quandahor
- CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, Tamale P.O. Box TL 52, Ghana;
| | - Yu-Ping Gou
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.-X.Z.); (Y.-P.G.); (C.-C.L.); (Q.-Y.Z.); (I.U.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Chun-Chun Li
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.-X.Z.); (Y.-P.G.); (C.-C.L.); (Q.-Y.Z.); (I.U.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Qiang-Yan Zhang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.-X.Z.); (Y.-P.G.); (C.-C.L.); (Q.-Y.Z.); (I.U.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Inzamam Ul Haq
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.-X.Z.); (Y.-P.G.); (C.-C.L.); (Q.-Y.Z.); (I.U.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yue Ma
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.-X.Z.); (Y.-P.G.); (C.-C.L.); (Q.-Y.Z.); (I.U.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Chang-Zhong Liu
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (K.-X.Z.); (Y.-P.G.); (C.-C.L.); (Q.-Y.Z.); (I.U.H.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence:
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