Belowground Chemical Interactions: An Insight Into Host-Specific Behavior of Globodera spp. Hatched in Root Exudates From Potato and Its Wild Relative, Solanum sisymbriifolium

A Novel Rhabdovirus Associated with the Idaho Population of Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida

Globodera pallida, a potato cyst nematode (PCN), is a quarantine endoparasitic pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum) in the US due to its effects on yield and quality of potato tubers. A new rhabdovirus, named potato cyst nematode rhabdovirus (PcRV), was revealed and characterized in the G. pallida populations collected in Idaho through use of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and RT-PCR and found to be most closely related to soybean cyst nematode rhabdovirus (ScRV). PcRV has a 13,604 bp long, single-stranded RNA genome encoding five open reading frames, including four rhabdovirus-specific genes, N, P, G, and L, and one unknown gene. PcRV was found present in eggs, invasive second-stage juveniles, and parasitic females of G. pallida, implying a vertical transmission mode. RT-PCR and partial sequencing of PcRV in laboratory-reared G. pallida populations maintained over five years suggested that the virus is highly persistent and genetically stable. Two other Globodera spp. reproducing on potato and reported in the US, G. rostochiensis and G. ellingtonae, tested negative for PcRV presence. To the best of our knowledge, PcRV is the first virus experimentally found infecting G. pallida. Based on their similar genome organizations, the phylogeny of their RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domains (L gene), and relatively high identity levels in their protein products, PcRV and ScRV are proposed to form a new genus, provisionally named "Gammanemrhavirus", within the family Rhabdoviridae.