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Li C, Yang S, Zhang M, Yang Y, Li Z, Peng L. SntB Affects Growth to Regulate Infecting Potential in Penicillium italicum. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:368. [PMID: 38921355 PMCID: PMC11204802 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Penicillium italicum, a major postharvest pathogen, causes blue mold rot in citrus fruits through the deployment of various virulence factors. Recent studies highlight the role of the epigenetic reader, SntB, in modulating the pathogenicity of phytopathogenic fungi. Our research revealed that the deletion of the SntB gene in P. italicum led to significant phenotypic alterations, including delayed mycelial growth, reduced spore production, and decreased utilization of sucrose. Additionally, the mutant strain exhibited increased sensitivity to pH fluctuations and elevated iron and calcium ion stress, culminating in reduced virulence on Gannan Novel oranges. Ultrastructural analyses disclosed notable disruptions in cell membrane integrity, disorganization within the cellular matrix, and signs of autophagy. Transcriptomic data further indicated a pronounced upregulation of hydrolytic enzymes, oxidoreductases, and transport proteins, suggesting a heightened energy demand. The observed phenomena were consistent with a carbon starvation response potentially triggering apoptotic pathways, including iron-dependent cell death. These findings collectively underscored the pivotal role of SntB in maintaining the pathogenic traits of P. italicum, proposing that targeting PiSntB could offer a new avenue for controlling citrus fungal infections and subsequent fruit decay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Litao Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (C.L.); (S.Y.)
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Allagui MB, Ben Amara M. Effectiveness of Several GRAS Salts against Fungal Rot of Fruit after Harvest and Assessment of the Phytotoxicity of Sodium Metabisufite in Treated Fruit. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:359. [PMID: 38786714 PMCID: PMC11121991 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the efficacy of the salts sodium metabisulfite (SMB), ammonium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate first in vitro against the main postharvest fruit rot fungi, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium italicum, and Penicillium digitatum. Results showed that 0.2% SMB completely inhibited the mycelium growth of the fungal species. Ammonium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate were less effective at 0.2% in inhibiting mycelial growth, ranging from 57.6% to 77.6%. The least effective was potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate. Experiments were also performed in vivo on wounded apples inoculated with the most pathogenic fungus, B. cinerea, and treated with SMB at concentrations of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3%, both preventively and curatively. Results based on the decay size showed that SMB, when used as a preventive treatment, had a reduced efficacy, even with the highest concentration. However, this salt proved to be very effective at 0.5% in curative treatment since the decay was completely blocked. Our results suggest that the appropriate concentration of SMB for post-harvest treatment is 0.5% as a curative treatment. On the other hand, the 1% dose induced the onset of phytotoxicity around the wound. To assess the extent of the phytotoxicity reaction, higher concentrations of 1-4% SMB were applied to wounded fruit. Apples and oranges were inoculated or not with B. cinerea and P. digitatum, respectively. Doses of 1-4% induced phytotoxicity in the form of a discolored ring surrounding the wound on the epidermis of the fruit; this phytotoxicity enlarged as the concentration of SMB increased. The phytotoxic features were similar on apples and oranges. The methodological procedure made it possible to carry out a quantitative assessment of SMB phytotoxicity. This method is proposed as an easy-to-use technique for quantitatively estimating the phytotoxicity of antifungal compounds on post-harvest fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bechir Allagui
- Laboratory of Plant Protection, National Institute for Agronomic Research of Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Rue Hedi Karray, Ariana 2080, Tunisia;
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3
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Arslan D, Tuccitto N, Auditore A, Licciardello A, Marletta G, Riolo M, La Spada F, Conti Taguali S, Calpe J, Meca G, Pane A, Cacciola SO, Karakeçili A. Chitosan-based films grafted with citrus waste-derived antifungal agents: An innovative and sustainable approach to enhance post-harvest preservation of citrus fruit. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130514. [PMID: 38423440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis, characterization, and properties of chitosan films (CHI) grafted with a natural antifungal agent with the aim of developing active films of natural origin to prevent post-harvest losses of citrus fruit. The antifungal agent was prepared by fermentation using lemon peel (AntiFun-LM), a citrus waste, and grafted on chitosan using different coupling agents (CHI/AntiFun-LM). Bioactive films were prepared by solvent casting. FTIR-ATR and ToF-SIMS analyses provided compelling evidence of the successful grafting process. TGA-DSC demonstrated that the films are stable after grafting. SEM studies showed the continuous and compact surface of the films. WCA measurements proved that CHI/AntiFun-LM films are more hydrophilic than CHI films. Moreover, the CHI/AntiFun-LM films showed stronger UV shielding effect when compared to CHI. The biological evaluation demonstrated that CHI/AntiFun-LM films gained considerable antifungal properties against most fungi responsible for post-harvest decay. Cytotoxicity tests showed that CHI/AntiFun-LM films did not cause any toxic effect against L929 fibroblasts. This study highlights the great potential of chemical grafting of antifungal agents produced from citrus waste to chitosan and preparation of natural-based films to act as a powerful alternative in post-harvest protection of citrus fruit in a perspective of circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Arslan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey; Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara University, 06110 Dışkapı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nunzio Tuccitto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, viale A. Doria n° 6, Catania, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Italy
| | - Alessandro Auditore
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Italy
| | - Antonino Licciardello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, viale A. Doria n° 6, Catania, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Italy
| | - Giovanni Marletta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, viale A. Doria n° 6, Catania, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Italy
| | - Mario Riolo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Federico La Spada
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Jorge Calpe
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Antonella Pane
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ayşe Karakeçili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey.
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Zhou T, Pan J, Wang J, Yu Q, Zhang P, Lai T. Inhibitory Properties of Cinnamon Bark Oil against Postharvest Pathogen Penicillium digitatum In Vitro. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:249. [PMID: 38667920 PMCID: PMC11051492 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum is a major postharvest pathogen that threatens the global citrus fruit industry and causes great economic losses annually. In the present study, inhibitory properties of cinnamon bark oil (CBO) against P. digitatum in vitro were investigated. Results indicated that 0.03% CBO could efficiently inhibit the spore germination, germ tube elongation, mycelial growth, colonial expansion and conidial accumulation of P. digitatum. The results of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and MitoTraker Orange (MTO) staining also proved the suppression effects of CBO against P. digitatum. Meanwhile, CBO could inhibit green mold rots induced by P. digitatum in citrus fruit when the working concentration of CBO exceeded 0.06%. In addition, the expressions of 12 genes critical for the growth and virulence of P. digitatum were also significantly regulated under CBO stress. Through a transcriptomic analysis, a total of 1802 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in P. digitatum after 4 h and 8 h of CBO treatment. Most of the DEG products were associated with carbohydrate, amino acid and lipid metabolism. They directly or indirectly led to the disturbance of the membrane and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our results may deepen the understanding of antifungal properties of CBO against P. digitatum and provide the theoretical foundation to uncover the antifungal mechanism of CBO at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tongfei Lai
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.Z.); (J.P.); (Q.Y.); (P.Z.)
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Ipinza-Concha BM, Dibona-Villanueva L, Fuentealba D, Pinilla-Quispe A, Schwantes D, Garzón-Nivia MA, Herrera-Défaz MA, Valdés-Gómez HA. Effect of Chitosan-Riboflavin Bioconjugate on Green Mold Caused by Penicillium digitatum in Lemon Fruit. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:884. [PMID: 38611142 PMCID: PMC11013941 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum is the causal agent of green mold, a primary postharvest disease of citrus fruits. This study evaluated the efficacy of a novel photoactive chitosan-riboflavin bioconjugate (CH-RF) to control green mold in vitro and in lemon fruit. The results showed total inhibition of P. digitatum growth on APDA supplemented with CH-RF at 0.5% (w/v) and a significant reduction of 84.8% at 0.25% (w/v). Lemons treated with CH-RF and kept under controlled conditions (20 °C and 90-95% relative humidity) exhibited a noteworthy reduction in green mold incidence four days post-inoculation. Notably, these effects persisted, with all treatments remaining significantly distinct from the control group until day 14. Furthermore, CH-RF showed high control of green mold in lemons after 20 days of cold storage (5 ± 1 °C). The disease incidence five days after cold storage indicated significant differences from the values observed in the control. Most CH-RF treatments showed enhanced control of green mold when riboflavin was activated by white-light exposure. These findings suggest that this novel fungicide could be a viable alternative to conventional synthetic fungicides, allowing more sustainable management of lemon fruit diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda M. Ipinza-Concha
- Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (B.M.I.-C.)
| | - Luciano Dibona-Villanueva
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Denis Fuentealba
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Alexander Pinilla-Quispe
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Daniel Schwantes
- Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (B.M.I.-C.)
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - María A. Garzón-Nivia
- Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (B.M.I.-C.)
| | - Mario A. Herrera-Défaz
- Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (B.M.I.-C.)
| | - Héctor A. Valdés-Gómez
- Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (B.M.I.-C.)
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Lai D, Wang D, Shao X, Qin J, Zhuang Q, Xu H, Xiao W. Comparative physiological and transcriptome analysis provide insights into the inhibitory effect of osthole on Penicillium choerospondiatis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105749. [PMID: 38225092 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Blue mold induced by Penicillium choerospondiatis is a primary cause of growth and postharvest losses in the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica. There is an urgent need to explore novel and safe fungicides to control this disease. Here, we demonstrated osthole, a natural coumarin compound isolated from Cnidium monnieri, exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on mycelia growth, conidial germination rate and germ tube length of P. choerospondiatis, and effectively suppressed the blue mold development in postharvest fruit of P. emblica. The median effective concentration of osthole was 9.86 mg/L. Osthole treatment resulted in cellular structural disruption, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and induced autophagic vacuoles containing cytoplasmic components in fungal cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that osthole treatment led to the differentially expressed genes mainly enriched in the cell wall synthesis, TCA cycle, glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, osthole treatment led to increase genes expression involved in peroxisome, autophagy and endocytosis. Particularly, the autophagy pathway related genes (PcATG1, PcATG3, PcATG15, PcATG27, PcYPT7 and PcSEC18) were prominently up-regulated by osthole. Summarily, these results revealed the potential antifungal mechanism of osthole against P. choerospondiatis. Osthole has potentials to develop as a natural antifungal agent for controlling blue mold disease in postharvest fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Lai
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Delin Wang
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehua Shao
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Qin
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingli Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqiang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.
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Gao L, Liang Y, Xiong Q, Huang M, Jiang Y, Zhang J. Control of citrus blue and green molds by Actinomycin X 2 and its possible antifungal mechanism. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105718. [PMID: 38225074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Citrus blue and green molds caused by Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum, and P. polonicum, are the major postharvest diseases of citrus fruit. In the present study, Actinomycin X2 (Act-X2), a naturally occurring antibiotic produced by Streptomyces species, was found to show excellent antifungal effect against these three pathogens with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 62.5 μg/mL for them all, which was better than the positive control thiophanate-methyl. Act-X2 significantly reduced the percentage of spore germination, and highly inhibited the mycelial growth of P. italicum, P. digitatum, and P. polonicum with EC50 values being 34.34, 13.76, and 37.48 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, Act-X2 greatly decreased the intracellular protein content while increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and superoxide anion (O2-) content in the mycelia of pathogens. In vivo test indicated that Act-X2 strongly inhibited the infection of navel oranges by these three Penicillium species, with an inhibition percentage of >50% for them all at the concentration of 10 MIC. Transcriptome analysis suggested that Act-X2 might highly influence the ribosomal functions of P. polonicum, which was supported as well by the molecular docking analysis of Act-X2 with some key functional proteins and RNAs of the ribosome. Furthermore, Act-X2 significantly reduced the decay percentage and improved the firmness, color, and sugar-acid ratio of navel oranges spray-inoculated with P. polonicum during the postharvest storage at 4 °C for 60 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yan Liang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qin Xiong
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Meiling Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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Xu X, Wu A, Guo L, Kuang H, Xu L, Xu C, Liu L. Gold nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of imazalil. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 9:123-131. [PMID: 37823288 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00371j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Imazalil (IMZ) is a commonly used fungicide for controlling fungus in agriculture, leaving residual IMZ in crops that could be hazardous to human health. In this work, we designed IMZ haptens for mice immunization and prepared sensitive monoclonal antibody (mAb) against IMZ. The subtype of anti-IMZ mAb is IgG2a. It possessed a half inhibition concentration (IC50) of 0.95 ng mL-1 and showed no cross-reactivity against other chemicals in ic-ELISA. Taking advantage of the mAb, we developed a gold nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic assay (GICA) for the rapid detection of IMZ in grapes and tomatoes. The assay gave a visual limit of detection (vLOD) of 25 ng g-1 and cut-off value of 500 ng g-1 in both samples. According to the calibration curves, the calculated LOD were 4.12 ng g-1 and 4.70 ng g-1 in grapes and tomatoes, respectively. The recovery rates of IMZ ranged from 84.7% to 104.4% with variation coefficients (CVs) of 5.7-11.8% in spiked samples, indicating a potent practicability of the GICA. The whole GICA process took 30 min. Therefore, the developed assay can be used for on-site detection and quantitation of IMZ in grape and tomato samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Aihong Wu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Guo
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hua Kuang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Liguang Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
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Du Y, Zhu J, Tian Z, Long C. PdStuA Is a Key Transcription Factor Controlling Sporulation, Hydrophobicity, and Stress Tolerance in Penicillium digitatum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:941. [PMID: 37755049 PMCID: PMC10532665 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum has become one of the main pathogens in citrus due to its high spore production and easy spread. In this study, the function of the APSES transcription factor StuA in P. digitatum was characterized, and the results indicated that it was involved in conidium and conidiophore development. No conidiophores were observed in the mycelium of the ∆PdStuA mutant that had grown for two days, while an abnormal conidiophore was found after another two days of incubation, and only small thin phialides as well as a very small number of spores were formed at the top of the hyphae. Moreover, it was observed that the ∆PdStuA mutant showed various defects, such as reduced hydrophobicity and decreased tolerance to cell wall inhibitors and H2O2. Compared to the original P. digitatum, the colony diameter of the ∆PdStuA mutant was not significantly affected, but the growth of aerial hyphae was obviously induced. In in vivo experiments, the spore production of the ∆PdStuA mutant grown on citrus fruit was remarkably decreased; however, there was no significant difference in the lesion diameter between the mutant and original strain. It could be inferred that less spore production might result in reduced spread in citrus, thereby reducing the green mold infection in citrus fruit during storage. This study provided a gene, PdStuA, which played key role in the sporulation of P. digitatum, and the results might provide a reference for the molecular mechanisms of sporulation in P. digitatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Du
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinfan Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhonghuan Tian
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Chaoan Long
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Elshahawy I, Saied N, Abd-El-Kareem F. Hot water treatment in combination with silicate salts dipping for controlling apple gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2023; 47:102. [DOI: 10.1186/s42269-023-01080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Gray mold is the most prevalent postharvest disease of apple fruits in Egypt. In this study, five isolates of Botrytis cinerea were isolated from apple fruits that had postharvest decay symptoms. Investigations were made into the pathogenicity tests of these isolates as well as the molecular identification of the most virulent isolate. A study was done in vitro to see how B. cinerea's mycelial growth and conidial germination would be affected by hot water treatments (HWT) at temperatures of 25, 50, 52, 54, or 56 °C for 10, 20, 30, or 40 s as well as silicate salts (SS), specifically potassium silicate and sodium silicate at 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0%. The effectiveness of hot water treatment and silicate salts dipping (SSD), both separately and together, for preventing B. cinerea infection and preserving the natural qualities of apple fruits was investigated in vivo.
Results
Pathogenicity tests on apples (Anna cv.) revealed that B. cinerea isolate (Bc-1) was found to be the most virulent. This isolate was identified as belonging to the fungus B. cinerea through molecular testing using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, and it has since been added to Gene Bank with the accession number ON1498639.1. The lethal temperature for B. cinerea mycelial growth and spore germination in vitro was 54 °C/30 s and 54 °C/10 s, respectively. At a 6.0%, the SS, specifically potassium silicate and sodium silicate, completely prevented pathogen growth. When applied separately, HWT (60 °C/30 s) and SSD (6.0%/1 min) significantly reduced B. cinerea decay of apple fruits stored at 20 ± 2 °C for 15 days. In terms of control efficacy, the HWT (60 °C/30 s) and SSD (6.0%/1 min) combination performed better.
Conclusions
When apple fruits are stored at 20 ± 2 °C for 15 days, the combination of HWT (60 °C/30 s) and SSD (6.0%/1 min) may be an efficient way to control the gray mold disease. The amount of total soluble solids (TSS) in apple fruits was unaffected by these treatments, but they significantly lessened fruit weight loss after 40 days of storage at 20 ± 2 °C.
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11
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Wu J, Cao J, Chen J, Huang L, Wang Y, Sun C, Sun C. Detection and classification of volatile compounds emitted by three fungi-infected citrus fruit using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2023; 412:135524. [PMID: 36736184 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruit produced some characteristic volatile compounds when infected by fungi compared with the healthy fruit. In the present study, volatile metabolites of postharvest citrus fruit with three different diseases including stem-end rot, blue mold and green mold were detected. Multivariate analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were employed to classify the volatile compounds between the infected and non-infected citrus fruit. The results indicated that volatile compounds of unrotten, unrotten-rotten junction, and rotten tissues were successfully classified. Importantly, eight volatile compounds as biomarkers for stem-end rot and one biomarker for green mold of citrus were screened to discriminate the infected citrus fruit. This study offers the application potential of odor profiling of volatile compounds for detecting the fungi infection in postharvest citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wu
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Horticultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Technology and Equipment National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jinping Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Horticultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Technology and Equipment National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jiebiao Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Horticultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Technology and Equipment National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Lingxia Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Horticultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Technology and Equipment National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Cui Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Horticultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Technology and Equipment National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.
| | - Chongde Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Horticultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Technology and Equipment National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hangzhou 310058, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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12
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Jiang L, Huang H, Shi X, Wu J, Ye J, Xu Q, Fang S, Wu C, Luo R, Lu C, Liu D. Biocontrol Microneedle Patch: A Promising Agent for Protecting Citrus Fruits from Postharvest Infection. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041219. [PMID: 37111704 PMCID: PMC10142349 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing human awareness of food safety, the replacement of highly toxic pesticides with biocompatible antimicrobials has become a trend. This study proposes a biocontrol microneedle (BMN) to expand the application of the food-grade preservative epsilon-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL) in fruit preservatives by utilizing a dissolving microneedle system. The macromolecular polymer ε-PL not only possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity but also exhibits good mechanical properties. With the addition of a small amount of polyvinyl alcohol, the mechanical strength of the ε-PL-based microneedle patch could be further improved to achieve an enhanced failure force of needles at 1.6 N/needle and induce an approximately 96% insertion rate in citrus fruit pericarps. An ex vivo insertion test revealed that the microneedle tips could be effectively inserted into the citrus fruit pericarp, rapidly dissolve within 3 min, and produce inconspicuous needle holes. Moreover, the high drug loading capacity of BMN was observed to reach approximately 1890 μg/patch, which is essential for enhancing the concentration-dependent antifungal activity of ε-PL. The drug distribution study has confirmed the feasibility of mediating the local diffusion of EPL in the pericarp through BMN. Therefore, BMN has great potential to reduce the incidence of invasive fungal infections in local areas of citrus fruit pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xingyu Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Juexian Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Shaobin Fang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Rui Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Chao Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Daojun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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Guo HG, Miao SZ, Ai PP, Zhang MZ, Yan Z, Du YL. Bioactive volatile compounds from Penicillium digitatum-infected apples: Oviposition attractants for yellow peach moth Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1119717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPlant-associated microbes critically shape the dynamics of plant-and insect-associated communities. In previous studies, we reported that the yellow peach moth Conogethes punctiferalis (YPM) preferred to Penicillium digitatum-infected apples (PDA) for oviposition. However, the underlying mechanisms remains unclear.MethodsIn the present study, the behavioral and physiological experiments were conducted to determine how P. digitatum affects the oviposition selection of mated YPM females via altering host plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs).ResultsMated YPM females were attracted to and laid more eggs on PDA than on non-infected apples (NIA), mechanically damaged apples (MDA), and P. digitatum in potato dextrose agar medium (PPD) in the oviposition selection experiments. Four-arm olfactometer assays further confirmed that odors in PDA were responsible for the attractiveness of mated YPM females. Further analyses showed that 38 VOCs were collected and identified from all treatments by GC-MS, with five specific VOCs (methyl 2-methylbutyrate, styrene, methyl caproate, butyl caprylate, and n-tetradecane) emitting from PDA. A principal component analysis (PCA) based on the absolute contents of 38 VOCs revealed a clear separation of PDA from NIA, MDA, and PPD. Moreover, when P. digitatum-induced specific VOCs were added to apples in individual or synthetic blends, there was a significantly higher percentage of mated YPM females to apples with individual or synthetic blends consisting of methyl 2-methylbutyrate, butyl caprylate, or n-tetradecane in Y-tube olfactometer experiments, suggesting that these three specific VOCs acted as predominant olfactory signals for mated YPM females to PDA.DiscussionTaken together, the microbe P. digitatum was an important driver of the interactions between YPMs and host plants by altering plant volatiles. These findings may form the basis for developing attractant baits for field trapping YPMs in the future.
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Duan B, Tan X, Long J, Ouyang Q, Zhang Y, Tao N. Integrated transcriptomic-metabolomic analysis reveals that cinnamaldehyde exposure positively regulates the phenylpropanoid pathway in postharvest Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 189:105312. [PMID: 36549824 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Previously, wax + cinnamaldehyde (WCA) was proven to be able to effectively alleviate fruit decay and induce resistance in harvested Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu). However, the potential molecular mechanism is largely unknown. In the present study, transcriptomics, metabolomics and biochemical analyses were combined to clarify this process. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression of genes involved in secondary metabolites and related to pathogenesis and the phenylpropanoid pathway were significantly influenced by WCA treatment. In addition, metabolite profiling revealed that metabolites in the phenylpropanoid pathway were also predominantly impacted after WCA treatment. Correspondingly, enzymatic activities and gene expression involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway were positively regulated, especially in the first 24 h, resulting in increased levels of total phenolics, flavonoids and other secondary metabolites. Fruit inoculation experiments showed that WCA treatment significantly reduced the development of citrus green mold and sour rot while having no adverse effects on the edible quality of the tested citrus fruit. Our study confirms the potential role of WCA exposure in citrus to induce resistance through the phenylpropanoid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jianyuan Long
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qiuli Ouyang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yonghua Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China
| | - Nengguo Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China.
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15
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Garcia L, Molina MC, Padgett-Pagliai KA, Torres PS, Bruna RE, García Véscovi E, González CF, Gadea J, Marano MR. A serralysin-like protein of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus modulates components of the bacterial extracellular matrix. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1006962. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1006962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), the current major threat for Citrus species, is caused by intracellular alphaproteobacteria of the genus Candidatus Liberibacter (CaL), with CaL asiaticus (CLas) being the most prevalent species. This bacterium inhabits phloem cells and is transmitted by the psyllid Diaphorina citri. A gene encoding a putative serralysin-like metalloprotease (CLIBASIA_01345) was identified in the CLas genome. The expression levels of this gene were found to be higher in citrus leaves than in psyllids, suggesting a function for this protease in adaptation to the plant environment. Here, we study the putative role of CLas-serralysin (Las1345) as virulence factor. We first assayed whether Las1345 could be secreted by two different surrogate bacteria, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae A34 (A34) and Serratia marcescens. The protein was detected only in the cellular fraction of A34 and S. marcescens expressing Las1345, and increased protease activity of those bacteria by 2.55 and 4.25-fold, respectively. In contrast, Las1345 expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves did not show protease activity nor alterations in the cell membrane, suggesting that Las1345 do not function as a protease in the plant cell. Las1345 expression negatively regulated cell motility, exopolysaccharide production, and biofilm formation in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). This bacterial phenotype was correlated with reduced growth and survival on leaf surfaces as well as reduced disease symptoms in N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis. These results support a model where Las1345 could modify extracellular components to adapt bacterial shape and appendages to the phloem environment, thus contributing to virulence.
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Penicillium digitatum as a Model Fungus for Detecting Antifungal Activity of Botanicals: An Evaluation on Vietnamese Medicinal Plant Extracts. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090956. [PMID: 36135681 PMCID: PMC9502062 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants play important roles in traditional medicine, and numerous compounds among them have been recognized for their antimicrobial activity. However, little is known about the potential of Vietnamese medicinal plants for antifungal activity. In this study, we examined the antagonistic activity of twelve medicinal plant species collected in Northern Vietnam against Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Candida albicans. The results showed that the antifungal activities of the crude extracts from Mahonia bealei, Ficus semicordata, and Gnetum montanum were clearly detected with the citrus postharvest pathogen P. digitatum. These extracts could fully inhibit the growth of P. digitatum on the agar medium, and on the infected citrus fruits at concentrations of 300–1000 µg/mL. Meanwhile, the other tested fungi were less sensitive to the antagonistic activity of the plant extracts. In particular, we found that the ethanolic extract of M. bealei displayed a broad-spectrum antifungal activity against all four pathogenic fungi. Analysis of this crude extract by enrichment coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that berberine and palmatine are major metabolites. Additional inspections indicated berberine as the key compound responsible for the antifungal activity of the M. bealei ethanolic extract. Our study provides a better understanding of the potential of Vietnamese medicinal plant resources for combating fungal pathogens. This work also highlights that the citrus pathogen P. digitatum can be employed as a model fungus for screening the antifungal activity of botanicals.
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Hammami R, Oueslati M, Smiri M, Nefzi S, Ruissi M, Comitini F, Romanazzi G, Cacciola SO, Sadfi Zouaoui N. Epiphytic Yeasts and Bacteria as Candidate Biocontrol Agents of Green and Blue Molds of Citrus Fruits. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080818. [PMID: 36012806 PMCID: PMC9410262 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Overall, 180 yeasts and bacteria isolated from the peel of citrus fruits were screened for their in vitro antagonistic activity against Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum, causative agents of green and blue mold of citrus fruits, respectively. Two yeast and three bacterial isolates were selected for their inhibitory activity on mycelium growth. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA and ITS rDNA sequences, the yeast isolates were identified as Candida oleophila and Debaryomyces hansenii while the bacterial isolates were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. pumilus and B. subtilis. All five selected isolates significantly reduced the incidence of decay incited by P. digitatum and P. italicum on ‘Valencia’ orange and ‘Eureka’ lemon fruits. Moreover, they were effective in preventing natural infections of green and blue mold of fruits stored at 4 °C. Treatments with antagonistic yeasts and bacteria did not negatively affect the quality and shelf life of fruits. The antagonistic efficacy of the five isolates depended on multiple modes of action, including the ability to form biofilms and produce antifungal lipopeptides, lytic enzymes and volatile compounds. The selected isolates are promising as biocontrol agents of postharvest green and blue molds of citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hammami
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, Pathologies et Biomarqueurs (LR16ES05), Département de Biologie, Université de Tunis-El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (R.H.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Maroua Oueslati
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, Pathologies et Biomarqueurs (LR16ES05), Département de Biologie, Université de Tunis-El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (R.H.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Marwa Smiri
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, Pathologies et Biomarqueurs (LR16ES05), Département de Biologie, Université de Tunis-El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (R.H.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Souhaila Nefzi
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, Pathologies et Biomarqueurs (LR16ES05), Département de Biologie, Université de Tunis-El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (R.H.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Mustapha Ruissi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Appliquée à l’Agriculture, INRA Tunisie, Université de Carthage, Ariana 2049, Tunisia;
| | - Francesca Comitini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Plant Pathology, Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, V.S. Sofia, 100-95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Najla Sadfi Zouaoui
- Laboratoire de Mycologie, Pathologies et Biomarqueurs (LR16ES05), Département de Biologie, Université de Tunis-El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (R.H.); (M.O.); (M.S.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence:
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