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Cunha Neto IL, Hall BT, Lanba AR, Blosenski JD, Onyenedum JG. Laser ablation tomography (LATscan) as a new tool for anatomical studies of woody plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:429-444. [PMID: 36811411 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, botanists study plant anatomy by carefully sectioning samples, histological staining to highlight tissues of interests, then imaging slides under light microscopy. This approach generates significant details; however, this workflow is laborious, particularly in woody vines (lianas) with heterogeneous anatomies, and ultimately yields two-dimensional (2D) images. Laser ablation tomography (LATscan) is a high-throughput imaging system that yields hundreds of images per minute. This method has proven useful for studying the structure of delicate plant tissues; however, its utility in understanding the structure of woody tissues is underexplored. We report LATscan-derived anatomical data from several stems of lianas (c. 20 mm) of seven species and compare these results with those obtained through traditional anatomical techniques. LATscan successfully allows the description of tissue composition by differentiating cell type, size, and shape, but also permits the recognition of distinct cell wall composition (e.g. lignin, suberin, cellulose) based on differential fluorescent signals on unstained samples. LATscan generate high-quality 2D images and 3D reconstructions of woody plant samples; therefore, this new technology is useful for both qualitative and quantitative analyses. This high-throughput imaging technology has the potential to bolster phenotyping of vegetative and reproductive anatomy, wood anatomy, and other biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel L Cunha Neto
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, NY, 14853, Ithaca, USA
| | - Benjamin T Hall
- Laser for Innovative Solutions (L4iS), Suite 261, 200 Innovation Boulevard, State College, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Asheesh R Lanba
- Laser for Innovative Solutions (L4iS), Suite 261, 200 Innovation Boulevard, State College, PA, 16803, USA
- Department of Engineering, University of Southern Maine, 37 College Ave., Gorham, ME, 04038, USA
| | - Joshua D Blosenski
- Laser for Innovative Solutions (L4iS), Suite 261, 200 Innovation Boulevard, State College, PA, 16803, USA
| | - Joyce G Onyenedum
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, NY, 14853, Ithaca, USA
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Satterlee JW, Evans LJ, Conlon BR, Conklin P, Martinez-Gomez J, Yen JR, Wu H, Sylvester AW, Specht CD, Cheng J, Johnston R, Coen E, Scanlon MJ. A Wox3-patterning module organizes planar growth in grass leaves and ligules. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:720-732. [PMID: 37142751 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Grass leaves develop from a ring of primordial initial cells within the periphery of the shoot apical meristem, a pool of organogenic stem cells that generates all of the organs of the plant shoot. At maturity, the grass leaf is a flattened, strap-like organ comprising a proximal supportive sheath surrounding the stem and a distal photosynthetic blade. The sheath and blade are partitioned by a hinge-like auricle and the ligule, a fringe of epidermally derived tissue that grows from the adaxial (top) leaf surface. Together, the ligule and auricle comprise morphological novelties that are specific to grass leaves. Understanding how the planar outgrowth of grass leaves and their adjoining ligules is genetically controlled can yield insight into their evolutionary origins. Here we use single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses to identify a 'rim' cell type present at the margins of maize leaf primordia. Cells in the leaf rim have a distinctive identity and share transcriptional signatures with proliferating ligule cells, suggesting that a shared developmental genetic programme patterns both leaves and ligules. Moreover, we show that rim function is regulated by genetically redundant Wuschel-like homeobox3 (WOX3) transcription factors. Higher-order mutations in maize Wox3 genes greatly reduce leaf width and disrupt ligule outgrowth and patterning. Together, these findings illustrate the generalizable use of a rim domain during planar growth of maize leaves and ligules, and suggest a parsimonious model for the homology of the grass ligule as a distal extension of the leaf sheath margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Satterlee
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lukas J Evans
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brianne R Conlon
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Phillip Conklin
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Jeffery R Yen
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Anne W Sylvester
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Chelsea D Specht
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jie Cheng
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Robyn Johnston
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- The Elshire Group Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Enrico Coen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Michael J Scanlon
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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