1
|
He J, Van Eck J, Lippman ZB. Blooming balloons: Searching for mechanisms of the inflated calyx. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 81:102595. [PMID: 38943829 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Studying morphological novelties offers special insights into developmental biology and evolution. The inflated calyx syndrome (ICS) is a largely unrecognized but fascinating feature of flower development, where sepals form balloon-like husks that encapsulate fruits. Despite its independent emergence in many lineages of flowering plants, the genetic and molecular mechanisms of ICS remain unknown. Early studies in the Solanaceae genus Physalis put forth key roles of MADS-box genes in ICS. However, recent work suggests these classical floral identity transcription factors were false leads. With newfound capabilities that allow rapid development of genetic systems through genomics and genome editing, Physalis has re-emerged as the most tractable model species for dissecting ICS. This review revisits current understanding of ICS and highlights how recent advancements enable a reset in the search for genetic and molecular mechanisms using unbiased, systematic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia He
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Joyce Van Eck
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zachary B Lippman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Straube J, Hurtado G, Zeisler-Diehl V, Schreiber L, Knoche M. Cuticle deposition ceases during strawberry fruit development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:623. [PMID: 38951751 PMCID: PMC11218262 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ideally, the barrier properties of a fruit's cuticle persist throughout its development. This presents a challenge for strawberry fruit, with their rapid development and thin cuticles. The objective was to establish the developmental time course of cuticle deposition in strawberry fruit. RESULTS Fruit mass and surface area increase rapidly, with peak growth rate coinciding with the onset of ripening. On a whole-fruit basis, the masses of cutin and wax increase but on a unit surface-area basis, they decrease. The decrease is associated with marked increases in elastic strain. The expressions of cuticle-associated genes involved in transcriptional regulation (FaSHN1, FaSHN2, FaSHN3), synthesis of cutin (FaLACS2, FaGPAT3) and wax (FaCER1, FaKCS10, FaKCR1), and those involved in transport of cutin monomers and wax constituents (FaABCG11, FaABCG32) decreased until maturity. The only exceptions were FaLACS6 and FaGPAT6 that are presumably involved in cutin synthesis, and FaCER1 involved in wax synthesis. This result was consistent across five strawberry cultivars. Strawberry cutin consists mainly of C16 and C18 monomers, plus minor amounts of C19, C20, C22 and C24 monomers, ω-hydroxy acids, dihydroxy acids, epoxy acids, primary alcohols, carboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids. The most abundant monomer is 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. Waxes comprise mainly long-chain fatty acids C29 to C46, with smaller amounts of C16 to C28. Wax constituents are carboxylic acids, primary alcohols, alkanes, aldehydes, sterols and esters. CONCLUSION The downregulation of cuticle deposition during development accounts for the marked cuticular strain, for the associated microcracking, and for their high susceptibility to the disorders of water soaking and cracking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Straube
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Grecia Hurtado
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang Y, Jin Y, Shan Y, Zhong Q, Wang H, Shen C, Feng S. Advances in Physalis molecular research: applications in authentication, genetic diversity, phylogenetics, functional genes, and omics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1407625. [PMID: 38993935 PMCID: PMC11236614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1407625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The plants of the genus Physalis L. have been extensively utilized in traditional and indigenous Chinese medicinal practices for treating a variety of ailments, including dermatitis, malaria, asthma, hepatitis, and liver disorders. The present review aims to achieve a comprehensive and up-to-date investigation of the genus Physalis, a new model crop, to understand plant diversity and fruit development. Several chloroplast DNA-, nuclear ribosomal DNA-, and genomic DNA-based markers, such as psbA-trnH, internal-transcribed spacer (ITS), simple sequence repeat (SSR), random amplified microsatellites (RAMS), sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), were developed for molecular identification, genetic diversity, and phylogenetic studies of Physalis species. A large number of functional genes involved in inflated calyx syndrome development (AP2-L, MPF2, MPF3, and MAGO), organ growth (AG1, AG2, POS1, and CNR1), and active ingredient metabolism (24ISO, DHCRT, P450-CPL, SR, DUF538, TAS14, and 3β-HSB) were identified contributing to the breeding of novel Physalis varieties. Various omic studies revealed and functionally identified a series of reproductive organ development-related factors, environmental stress-responsive genes, and active component biosynthesis-related enzymes. The chromosome-level genomes of Physalis floridana Rydb., Physalis grisea (Waterf.) M. Martínez, and Physalis pruinosa L. have been recently published providing a valuable resource for genome editing in Physalis crops. Our review summarizes the recent progress in genetic diversity, molecular identification, phylogenetics, functional genes, and the application of omics in the genus Physalis and accelerates efficient utilization of this traditional herb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanyun Jin
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Shan
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quanzhou Zhong
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenjia Shen
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shangguo Feng
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Composition, metabolism and postharvest function and regulation of fruit cuticle: A review. Food Chem 2023; 411:135449. [PMID: 36669336 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle of plants, a hydrophobic membrane that covers their aerial organs, is crucial to their ability to withstand biotic and abiotic stressors. Fruit is the reproductive organ of plants, and an important dietary source that can offer a variety of nutrients for the human body, and fruit cuticle performs a crucial protective role in fruit development and postharvest quality. This review discusses the universality and diversity of the fruit cuticle composition, and systematically summarizes the metabolic process of fruit cuticle, including the biosynthesis, transport and regulatory factors (including transcription factors, phytohormones and environmental elements) of fruit cuticle. Additionally, we emphasize the postharvest functions and postharvest regulatory technologies of fruit cuticle, and propose future research directions for fruit cuticle.
Collapse
|