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Kutyrieva-Nowak N, Leszczuk A, Denic D, Bellaidi S, Blazakis K, Gemeliari P, Lis M, Kalaitzis P, Zdunek A. In vivo and ex vivo study on cell wall components as part of the network in tomato fruit during the ripening process. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae145. [PMID: 38988613 PMCID: PMC11233857 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Ripening is a process involving various morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in fruits. This process is affected by modifications in the cell wall structure, particularly in the composition of polysaccharides and proteins. The cell wall assembly is a network of polysaccharides and proteoglycans named the arabinoxylan pectin arabinogalactan protein1 (APAP1). The complex consists of the arabinogalactan protein (AGP) core with the pectin domain including arabinogalactan (AG) type II, homogalacturonan (HG), and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I). The present paper aims to determine the impact of a disturbance in the synthesis of one constituent on the integrity of the cell wall. Therefore, in the current work, we have tested the impact of modified expression of the SlP4H3 gene connected with proline hydroxylase (P4H) activity on AGP presence in the fruit matrix. Using an immunolabelling technique (CLSM), an immunogold method (TEM), molecular tools, and calcium mapping (SEM-EDS), we have demonstrated that disturbances in AGP synthesis affect the entire cell wall structure. Changes in the spatio-temporal AGP distribution may be related to the formation of a network between AGPs with other cell wall components. Moreover, the modified structure of the cell wall assembly induces morphological changes visible at the cellular level during the progression of the ripening process. These results support the hypothesis that AGPs and pectins are required for the proper progression of the physiological processes occurring in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dusan Denic
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Samia Bellaidi
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Blazakis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Petroula Gemeliari
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Magdalena Lis
- Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania 73100, Greece
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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Liu L, Chen Y, Wu W, Chen Q, Tian Z, Huang J, Ren H, Zhang J, Du X, Zhuang M, Wang P. A multilevel investigation to reveal the regulatory mechanism of lignin accumulation in juice sac granulation of pomelo. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:390. [PMID: 38730367 PMCID: PMC11088010 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Granulation of juice sacs is a physiological disorder, which affects pomelo fruit quality. Here, the transcriptome and ubiquitinome of the granulated juice sacs were analyzed in Guanxi pomelo. We found that lignin accumulation in the granulated juice sacs was regulated at transcription and protein modification levels. In transcriptome data, we found that the genes in lignin biosynthesis pathway and antioxidant enzyme system of the granulated juice sacs were significantly upregulated. However, in ubiquitinome data, we found that ubiquitinated antioxidant enzymes increased in abundance but the enzyme activities decreased after the modification, which gave rise to reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents in granulated juice sacs. This finding suggests that ubiquitination level of the antioxidant enzymes is negatively correlated with the enzyme activities. Increased H2O2 is considered to be a signaling molecule to activate the key gene expressions in lignin biosynthesis pathway, which leads to the lignification in granulated juice sacs of pomelo. This regulatory mechanism in juice sac granulation of pomelo was further confirmed through the verification experiment using tissue culture by adding H2O2 or dimethylthiourea (DMTU). Our findings suggest that scavenging H2O2 and other ROS are important for reducing lignin accumulation, alleviating juice sac granulation and improving pomelo fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luning Liu
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiran Chen
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weilin Wu
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiuyou Chen
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhijiao Tian
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiakang Huang
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huaqing Ren
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhang
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xi Du
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mulai Zhuang
- Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Pinghe County, Pinghe, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Insititute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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Zhou Y, Liu X, Liang X, Li H, Lai J, Liao Y, Liu K. Biochemical and metabolomics analyses reveal the mechanisms underlying ascorbic acid and chitosan coating mediated energy homeostasis in postharvest papaya fruit. Food Chem 2024; 439:138168. [PMID: 38103491 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Papaya is a climacteric fruit that undergoes rapid ripening and quality deterioration during postharvest storage, resulting in significant economic losses. This study employed biochemical techniques and targeted metabolomics to investigate the impact of exogenous AsA + CTS application on the energy metabolism regulation of papaya fruit during postharvest storage. We found that AsA + CTS treatment significantly increased the levels of key metabolic compounds and enzymes, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and the energy charge, as well as the succinic acid content and the activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), H+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase. Moreover, AsA + CTS coating augmented the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase (NADK) activity and increased the NADH and NADPH concentrations. Regarding sugar metabolism, it increased the activities of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and raised d-glucose-6-phosphate levels. These findings suggest that AsA + CTS coating application can mitigate the metabolic deterioration and sustain a primary metabolism homeostasis in papaya fruit by enhancing the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), thereby preserving their quality attributes during postharvest storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China.
| | - Xiaocheng Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Xinyuan Liang
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Huangming Li
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Jiahui Lai
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Yiran Liao
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Kaidong Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China.
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Zhu S, Mo Y, Yang Y, Liang S, Xian S, Deng Z, Zhao M, Liu S, Liu K. Genome-wide identification of MAPK family in papaya (Carica papaya) and their involvement in fruit postharvest ripening. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:68. [PMID: 38262956 PMCID: PMC10807106 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papaya (Carica papaya) is an economically important fruit cultivated in the tropical and subtropical regions of China. However, the rapid softening rate after postharvest leads to a short shelf-life and considerable economic losses. Accordingly, understanding the mechanisms underlying fruit postharvest softening will be a reasonable way to maintain fruit quality and extend its shelf-life. RESULTS Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are conserved and play essential roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the MAPK family remain poorly studied in papaya. Here, a total of nine putative CpMAPK members were identified within papaya genome, and a comprehensive genome-wide characterization of the CpMAPKs was performed, including evolutionary relationships, conserved domains, gene structures, chromosomal locations, cis-regulatory elements and expression profiles in response to phytohormone and antioxidant organic compound treatments during fruit postharvest ripening. Our findings showed that nearly all CpMAPKs harbored the conserved P-loop, C-loop and activation loop domains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CpMAPK members could be categorized into four groups (A-D), with the members within the same groups displaying high similarity in protein domains and intron-exon organizations. Moreover, a number of cis-acting elements related to hormone signaling, circadian rhythm, or low-temperature stresses were identified in the promoters of CpMAPKs. Notably, gene expression profiles demonstrated that CpMAPKs exhibited various responses to 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon), 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and the combined ascorbic acid (AsA) and chitosan (CTS) treatments during papaya postharvest ripening. Among them, both CpMAPK9 and CpMAPK20 displayed significant induction in papaya flesh by ethephon treatment, and were pronounced inhibition after AsA and CTS treatments at 16 d compared to those of natural ripening control, suggesting that they potentially involve in fruit postharvest ripening through ethylene signaling pathway or modulating cell wall metabolism. CONCLUSION This study will provide some valuable insights into future functional characterization of CpMAPKs, and hold great potential for further understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying papaya fruit postharvest ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuxing Mo
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyao Yang
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Liang
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqi Xian
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaoyu Zhao
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaidong Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, People's Republic of China.
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Hua Z. Deciphering the protein ubiquitylation system in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6487-6504. [PMID: 37688404 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) process that covalently modifies a protein substrate with either mono-ubiquitin moieties or poly-ubiquitin chains often at the lysine residues. In Arabidopsis, bioinformatic predictions have suggested that over 5% of its proteome constitutes the protein ubiquitylation system. Despite advancements in functional genomic studies in plants, only a small fraction of this bioinformatically predicted system has been functionally characterized. To expand our understanding about the regulatory function of protein ubiquitylation to that rivalling several other major systems, such as transcription regulation and epigenetics, I describe the status, issues, and new approaches of protein ubiquitylation studies in plant biology. I summarize the methods utilized in defining the ubiquitylation machinery by bioinformatics, identifying ubiquitylation substrates by proteomics, and characterizing the ubiquitin E3 ligase-substrate pathways by functional genomics. Based on the functional and evolutionary analyses of the F-box gene superfamily, I propose a deleterious duplication model for the large expansion of this family in plant genomes. Given this model, I present new perspectives of future functional genomic studies on the plant ubiquitylation system to focus on core and active groups of ubiquitin E3 ligase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Hua
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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