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Bury NA, Jenkin MR, Allison RS, Harris LR. Perceiving jittering self-motion in a field of lollipops from ages 4 to 95. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241087. [PMID: 33095827 PMCID: PMC7584255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An internal model of self-motion provides a fundamental basis for action in our daily lives, yet little is known about its development. The ability to control self-motion develops in youth and often deteriorates with advanced age. Self-motion generates relative motion between the viewer and the environment. Thus, the smoothness of the visual motion created will vary as control improves. Here, we study the influence of the smoothness of visually simulated self-motion on an observer's ability to judge how far they have travelled over a wide range of ages. Previous studies were typically highly controlled and concentrated on university students. But are such populations representative of the general public? And are there developmental and sex effects? Here, estimates of distance travelled (visual odometry) during visually induced self-motion were obtained from 466 participants drawn from visitors to a public science museum. Participants were presented with visual motion that simulated forward linear self-motion through a field of lollipops using a head-mounted virtual reality display. They judged the distance of their simulated motion by indicating when they had reached the position of a previously presented target. The simulated visual motion was presented with or without horizontal or vertical sinusoidal jitter. Participants' responses indicated that they felt they travelled further in the presence of vertical jitter. The effectiveness of the display increased with age over all jitter conditions. The estimated time for participants to feel that they had started to move also increased slightly with age. There were no differences between the sexes. These results suggest that age should be taken into account when generating motion in a virtual reality environment. Citizen science studies like this can provide a unique and valuable insight into perceptual processes in a truly representative sample of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils-Alexander Bury
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dept. of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Visual Computing, Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Michael R. Jenkin
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert S. Allison
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurence R. Harris
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dept. of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Oyamada K, Ujita M, Imura T, Shirai N. Effects of Body Orientation Relative to Gravity on Vection in Children and Adults. Iperception 2020; 11:2041669520939585. [PMID: 32695303 PMCID: PMC7350058 DOI: 10.1177/2041669520939585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the interaction between the body and gravitational axes on vection (visually induced self-motion perception) in school-age children and adults. Experiment 1 was a pilot study of adults that was conducted to determine the appropriate experimental settings for the main experiment that included children and adults. The adult participants experienced vection in four different directions in the head-centered coordinate (forward, backward, upward, and downward) under two postural conditions: standing (in which the body and gravitational axes were consistent) and supine (in which the body orientation was orthogonally aligned to the gravitational axis). The adults reported more rapid and longer lasting vection when standing than when supine. In the main experiment (Experiment 2), we tested adults and school-age children under conditions similar to those of Experiment 1 and found that the reported vection was more rapid and longer lasting in children than in adults, whereas the reported vection tended to be more rapid and longer lasting under the standing condition than the supine condition for both age groups. Based on the similarities and differences between children and adults found in the present and previous vection studies, child-specific features of vection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Oyamada
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Arts and Letters, Tohoku University
| | - Musashi Ujita
- Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Information Culture, Niigata University of International and Information Studies
| | - Tomoko Imura
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Integrated Arts and Social Sciences, Japan Women's University
| | - Nobu Shirai
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Niigata University
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ZHENG X, GUO W, CHEN M, JIN J, YIN J. Influence of the valence of social actions on attentional capture: Focus on helping and hindering actions. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2020. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2020.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shirai N, Endo S, Tanahashi S, Seno T, Imura T. Development of Asymmetric Vection for Radial Expansion or Contraction Motion: Comparison Between School-Age Children and Adults. Iperception 2018; 9:2041669518761191. [PMID: 29755720 PMCID: PMC5937634 DOI: 10.1177/2041669518761191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vection is illusory self-motion elicited by visual stimuli and is more easily induced by radial contraction than expansion flow in adults. The asymmetric feature of vection was reexamined with 18 younger (age: 6–8 years) and 19 older children (age: 9–11 years) and 20 adults. In each experimental trial, participants observed either radial expansion or contraction flow; the latency, cumulative duration, and saturation of vection were measured. The results indicated that the latency for contraction was significantly shorter than that for expansion in all age-groups. In addition, the latency and saturation were significantly shorter and greater, respectively, in the younger or older children compared with the adults, regardless of the flow pattern. These results indicate that the asymmetry in vection for expansion or contraction flow emerges by school age, and that school-age children experience significantly more rapid and stronger vection than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobu Shirai
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Shuich Endo
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Shigehito Tanahashi
- Department of Biocybernetics, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Takeharu Seno
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Imura
- Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Information Culture, Niigata University of International and Information Studies, Japan
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Abstract
Visually induced illusions of self-motion are often referred to as vection. This article developed and tested a model of responding to visually induced vection. We first constructed a mathematical model based on well-documented characteristics of vection and human behavioral responses to this illusion. We then conducted 10,000 virtual trial simulations using this Oscillating Potential Vection Model (OPVM). OPVM was used to generate simulated vection onset, duration, and magnitude responses for each of these trials. Finally, we compared the properties of OPVM's simulated vection responses with real responses obtained in seven different laboratory-based vection experiments. The OPVM output was found to compare favorably with the empirically obtained vection data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Seno
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Shirai N, Imura T. Infant-specific gaze patterns in response to radial optic flow. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34734. [PMID: 27708361 PMCID: PMC5052525 DOI: 10.1038/srep34734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of a radial optic flow is a valid visual cue used to perceive and control the heading direction of animals. Gaze patterns in response to the focus of radial optic flow were measured in human infants (N = 100, 4–18 months) and in adults (N = 20) using an eye-tracking technique. Overall, although the adults showed an advantage in detecting the focus of an expansion flow (representing forward locomotion) against that of a contraction flow (representing backward locomotion), infants younger than 1 year showed an advantage in detecting the focus of a contraction flow. Infants aged between 13 and 18 months showed no significant advantage in detecting the focus in either the expansion or in the contraction flow. The uniqueness of the gaze patterns in response to the focus of radial optic flow in infants shows that the visual information necessary to perceive heading direction potentially differs between younger and mature individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobu Shirai
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Niigata University 2-8050 Ikarashi Nishi-Ku Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Tomoko Imura
- Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Information Culture, Niigata University of International and Information Studies, 3-1-1, Mizukino, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2292, Japan
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Joshi MR, Falkenberg HK. Development of radial optic flow pattern sensitivity at different speeds. Vision Res 2015; 110:68-75. [PMID: 25796975 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of sensitivity to radial optic flow discrimination was investigated by measuring motion coherence thresholds (MCTs) in school-aged children at two speeds. A total of 119 child observers aged 6-16years and 24 young adult observers (23.66+/-2.74years) participated. In a 2AFC task observers identified the direction of motion of a 5° radial (expanding vs. contracting) optic flow pattern containing 100 dots with 75% Michelson contrast moving at 1.6°/s and 5.5°/s and. The direction of each dot was drawn from a Gaussian distribution whose standard deviation was either low (similar directions) or high (different directions). Adult observers also identified the direction of motion for translational (rightward vs. leftward) and rotational (clockwise vs. anticlockwise) patterns. Motion coherence thresholds to radial optic flow improved gradually with age (linear regression, p<0.05), with different rates of development at the two speeds. Even at 16years MCTs were higher than that for adults (independent t-tests, p<0.05). Both children and adults had higher sensitivity at 5.5°/s compared to 1.6°/s (paired t-tests, p<0.05). Sensitivity to radial optic flow is still immature at 16years of age, indicating late maturation of higher cortical areas. Differences in sensitivity and rate of development of radial optic flow at the different speeds, suggest that different motion processing mechanisms are involved in processing slow and fast speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Raj Joshi
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Frogsvei 41, Kongsberg 3611, Norway.
| | - Helle K Falkenberg
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Frogsvei 41, Kongsberg 3611, Norway.
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