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Valdois S, Phénix T, Fort M, Diard J. Atypical viewing position effect in developmental dyslexia: A behavioural and modelling investigation. Cogn Neuropsychol 2021; 38:319-335. [PMID: 34818988 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2021.2004107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The probability of recognizing a word depends on the position of fixation during processing. In typical readers, the resulting word-recognition curves are asymmetrical, showing a left-of-centre optimal viewing position (OVP). First, we report behavioural results from dyslexic participants who show atypical word-recognition curves characterized by the OVP being right of centre with recognition probability being higher on the rightmost than on the leftmost letters. Second, we used BRAID, a Bayesian model of word recognition that implements gaze position, an acuity gradient, lateral interference and a visual attention component, to examine how variations in the deployment of visual attention would affect the OVP curves. We show that the atypical dyslexic curves are well simulated assuming a narrow distribution of visual attention and a shifting of visual attention towards the left visual field. These behavioural and modelling findings are discussed in light of current theories of visual attention deficits in developmental dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylviane Valdois
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition CNRS UMR 5105, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Thierry Phénix
- LREN, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Julien Diard
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition CNRS UMR 5105, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Stefanac NR, Zhou SH, Spencer-Smith MM, O'Connell R, Bellgrove MA. A neural index of inefficient evidence accumulation in dyslexia underlying slow perceptual decision making. Cortex 2021; 142:122-137. [PMID: 34265735 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Visual processing deficits have been widely reported in developmental dyslexia however the locus of cognitive dysfunction remains unclear. Here, we examined the neural correlates of perceptual decision-making using a dot-motion task and electroencephalography (EEG) and investigated whether presenting deficits were unique to children with dyslexia or if they were also evident in other, typically developing children with equally immature reading systems. Sixty-eight children participated: 32 with dyslexia (DD; 16 females); 21 age-matched controls (AM; 11 females) and 15 reading-matched controls (RM; 9 females). All participants completed a bilaterally presented random-dot-motion task while EEG was recorded. Neural signatures of low level sensory processing (steady state visual evoked potentials; SSVEPs), pre-target attentional bias (posterior α power), attentional orienting (N2), evidence accumulation (centro-parietal positive decision signal; CPP) and execution of a motor response (β) were obtained to dissect the temporal sequence of perceptual decision-making. Reading profile provided a score of relative lexical and sublexical skills for each participant. Although all groups performed comparably in terms of task accuracy and false alarm rate, the DD group were slower and demonstrated an earlier peak latency, reduced slope and lower amplitude of the CPP compared with both AM and RM controls. Reading profile was found to moderate the relationship between word reading ability, reaction time as well as CPP indices showing that lexical dyslexics responded more slowly and had a shallower slope, reduced amplitude and earlier latency of CPP waveforms than sublexical dyslexics. These findings suggest that children with dyslexia, particularly those with relatively poorer lexical abilities, have a reduced rate and peak of evidence accumulation as denoted by CPP markers yet remain slow in their overt response. This is in keeping with hypotheses that children with dyslexia have impairment in effectively sampling and processing evidence about visual motion stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Stefanac
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.
| | - Shou-Han Zhou
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Megan M Spencer-Smith
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Redmond O'Connell
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Reduced perceptual processing speed and atypical attentional weight at the cores of visual simultaneous processing deficits in Chinese children with developmental dyslexia: a parameter-based assessment of visual attention. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Valdois S, Roulin JL, Line Bosse M. Visual attention modulates reading acquisition. Vision Res 2019; 165:152-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Stefanac N, Spencer-Smith M, Brosnan M, Vangkilde S, Castles A, Bellgrove M. Visual processing speed as a marker of immaturity in lexical but not sublexical dyslexia. Cortex 2019; 120:567-581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Low AM, Vangkilde S, le Sommer J, Fagerlund B, Glenthøj B, Jepsen JRM, Bundesen C, Petersen A, Habekost T. Visual attention in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder before and after stimulant treatment. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2617-2625. [PMID: 30560740 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718003628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which frequently persists into adulthood. The primary goal of the current study was to (a) investigate attentional functions of stimulant medication-naïve adults with ADHD, and (b) investigate the effects of 6 weeks of methylphenidate treatment on these functions. METHODS The study was a prospective, non-randomized, non-blinded, 6-week follow-up design with 42 stimulant medication-naïve adult patients with ADHD, and 42 age and parental education-matched healthy controls. Assessments included measures of visual attention, based on Bundesen's Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), which yields five precise measures of aspects of visual attention; general psychopathology; ADHD symptoms; dyslexia screening; and estimates of IQ. RESULTS At baseline, significant differences were found between patients and controls on three attentional parameters: visual short-term memory capacity, threshold of conscious perception, and to a lesser extent visual processing speed. Secondary analyses revealed no significant correlations between TVA parameter estimates and severity of ADHD symptomatology. At follow-up, significant improvements were found specifically for visual processing speed; this improvement had a large effect size, and remained when controlling for re-test effects, IQ, and dyslexia screen performance. There were no significant correlations between changes in visual processing speed and changes in ADHD symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS ADHD in adults may be associated with deficits in three distinct aspects of visual attention. Improvements after 6 weeks of medication are seen specifically in visual processing speed, which could represent an improvement in alertness. Clinical symptoms and visual attentional deficits may represent separate aspects of ADHD in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Low
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Vangkilde
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julijana le Sommer
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Fagerlund
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birte Glenthøj
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Bundesen
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Petersen
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Habekost
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Valdois S, Lassus-Sangosse D, Lallier M, Moreaud O, Pisella L. What bilateral damage of the superior parietal lobes tells us about visual attention disorders in developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 2018; 130:78-91. [PMID: 30098328 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have identified the superior parietal lobules bilaterally as the neural substrates of reduced visual attention (VA) span in developmental dyslexia. It remains however unclear whether the VA span deficit and the deficits in temporal and spatial attention shifting also reported in dyslexic children reflect a unitary spatio-temporal deficit of attention - probably linked to general posterior parietal dysfunction- or the dysfunction of distinct attentional systems that relate to different neural substrates. We explored this issue by testing an adult patient, IG, with a specific damage of the bilateral superior parietal lobules after stroke, on tasks assessing the VA span as well as temporal and spatial attention shifting. IG demonstrated a very severe VA span deficit, but preserved temporal attention shifting. Exogenous spatial orientation shifting was spared but her performance was impaired in endogenous attention. The overall findings show that distinct sub-systems of visual attention can be dissociated within the parietal lobe, suggesting that different attentional systems associated with specific neural networks can be selectively impaired in developmental dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Valdois
- CNRS, LPNC UMR 5105, 38040 Grenoble, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, 38040 Grenoble, France.
| | - D Lassus-Sangosse
- CMRR, Pôle Psychiatrie, Neurologie, Rééducation neurologique, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, France
| | - M Lallier
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - O Moreaud
- CNRS, LPNC UMR 5105, 38040 Grenoble, France; CMRR, Pôle Psychiatrie, Neurologie, Rééducation neurologique, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, France
| | - L Pisella
- ImpAct - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Bron, France
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Achal S, Hoeft F, Bray S. Individual Differences in Adult Reading Are Associated with Left Temporo-parietal to Dorsal Striatal Functional Connectivity. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:4069-4081. [PMID: 26400921 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Reading skills vary widely in both children and adults, with a number of factors contributing to this variability. The most prominent factor may be related to efficiency of storage, representation, or retrieval of speech sounds. This phonological hypothesis is supported by findings of reduced activation in poor readers in left hemisphere ventro-lateral prefrontal and temporo-parietal phonological processing regions. Less well explained by phonological theories are reported hyperactivation in prefrontal, striatal, and insular regions. This study investigated functional connectivity of a core phonological processing region, the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), in relation to reading skill in an adult community sample. We hypothesized that connectivity between TPJ and regions implicated in meta-analyses of reading disorder would correlate with individual differences in reading. Forty-four adults aged 30-54, ranging in reading ability, underwent resting fMRI scans. Data-driven connectivity clustering was used to identify TPJ subregions for seed-based connectivity analyses. Correlations were assessed between TPJ connectivity and timed-pseudoword reading (decoding) ability. We found a significant correlation wherein greater left supramarginal gyrus to anterior caudate connectivity was associated with weaker decoding. This suggests that hyperactivation of the dorsal striatum, reported in poor readers during reading tasks, may reflect compensatory or inefficient overintegration into attention networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Achal
- Department of Neuroscience.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute
| | - Fumiko Hoeft
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Haskins Laboratories, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Signe Bray
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.,Department of Paediatrics.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute.,Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada T3B 6A8
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Kyllingsbæ S, Vangkilde S, Bundesen C. Editorial: Theories of visual attention-linking cognition, neuropsychology, and neurophysiology. Front Psychol 2015; 6:767. [PMID: 26124730 PMCID: PMC4464144 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Kyllingsbæ
- Department of Psychology, Center for Visual Cognition, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Vangkilde
- Department of Psychology, Center for Visual Cognition, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Bundesen
- Department of Psychology, Center for Visual Cognition, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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