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Glass D, Yuill N. Evidence of mutual non-verbal synchrony in learners with severe learning disability and autism, and their support workers: a motion energy analysis study. Front Integr Neurosci 2024; 18:1353966. [PMID: 39055283 PMCID: PMC11269261 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2024.1353966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Some research indicates that neurodivergent people are less likely than "neurotypical" people to adapt their movements to a partner's movements to facilitate interpersonal motor synchrony. Researchers therefore suggest synchrony deficits underlie the social differences associated with autism and other neurodivergences. Intensive Interaction (II) is a client-led approach, where Learning Support Workers (LSW) follow the lead of learners to create balanced and reciprocal interactions. Methods We aimed to examine the balance of synchrony in learners with autism and Severe Learning Disabilities and their LSWs in a special education college where learners had prior experience with II. Using Motion Energy Analysis, we assessed the degree to which each partner acted as a leader, and hence which partner acted as a follower, during moments of close synchrony. Results Overall, learners and LSWs showed higher than chance synchrony. There were no differences in the degree to which each partner led the moments of synchrony, or the amount pairs synchronized with zero-lag, where there was no delay between each partners' movements. Discussion The equal balance of leading and following in the learner and LSW pairs demonstrates that both partners consistently adapted their movements to their partner's movements to facilitate synchrony. The findings tentatively challenge the notion of a synchrony deficit in autism and suggest synchrony can be present in cross-neurotype pairs in comfortable and engaging conditions. We discuss the potential for client-led, movement-based approaches to support smooth interactions across neurotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devyn Glass
- Children and Technology Lab, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Yuill
- The Children and Technology Lab, Autism Community Research Network Sussex, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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daSilva EB, Wood A. How and Why People Synchronize: An Integrated Perspective. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024:10888683241252036. [PMID: 38770754 DOI: 10.1177/10888683241252036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Academic AbstractInterpersonal synchrony, the alignment of behavior and/or physiology during interactions, is a pervasive phenomenon observed in diverse social contexts. Here we synthesize across contexts and behaviors to classify the different forms and functions of synchrony. We provide a concise framework for classifying the manifold forms of synchrony along six dimensions: periodicity, discreteness, spatial similarity, directionality, leader-follower dynamics, and observability. We also distill the various proposed functions of interpersonal synchrony into four interconnected functions: reducing complexity and improving understanding, accomplishing joint tasks, strengthening social connection, and influencing partners' behavior. These functions derive from first principles, emerge from each other, and are accomplished by some forms of synchrony more than others. Effective synchrony flexibly adapts to social goals and more synchrony is not always better. Our synthesis offers a shared framework and language for the field, allowing for better cross-context and cross-behavior comparisons, generating new hypotheses, and highlighting future research directions.
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Albarracin M, Pitliya RJ, St. Clere Smithe T, Friedman DA, Friston K, Ramstead MJD. Shared Protentions in Multi-Agent Active Inference. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:303. [PMID: 38667857 PMCID: PMC11049075 DOI: 10.3390/e26040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we unite concepts from Husserlian phenomenology, the active inference framework in theoretical biology, and category theory in mathematics to develop a comprehensive framework for understanding social action premised on shared goals. We begin with an overview of Husserlian phenomenology, focusing on aspects of inner time-consciousness, namely, retention, primal impression, and protention. We then review active inference as a formal approach to modeling agent behavior based on variational (approximate Bayesian) inference. Expanding upon Husserl's model of time consciousness, we consider collective goal-directed behavior, emphasizing shared protentions among agents and their connection to the shared generative models of active inference. This integrated framework aims to formalize shared goals in terms of shared protentions, and thereby shed light on the emergence of group intentionality. Building on this foundation, we incorporate mathematical tools from category theory, in particular, sheaf and topos theory, to furnish a mathematical image of individual and group interactions within a stochastic environment. Specifically, we employ morphisms between polynomial representations of individual agent models, allowing predictions not only of their own behaviors but also those of other agents and environmental responses. Sheaf and topos theory facilitates the construction of coherent agent worldviews and provides a way of representing consensus or shared understanding. We explore the emergence of shared protentions, bridging the phenomenology of temporal structure, multi-agent active inference systems, and category theory. Shared protentions are highlighted as pivotal for coordination and achieving common objectives. We conclude by acknowledging the intricacies stemming from stochastic systems and uncertainties in realizing shared goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahault Albarracin
- VERSES Research Lab and Spatial Web Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 90016, USA; (R.J.P.); (T.S.C.S.); (K.F.); (M.J.D.R.)
- Département d’Informatique, l’Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Riddhi J. Pitliya
- VERSES Research Lab and Spatial Web Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 90016, USA; (R.J.P.); (T.S.C.S.); (K.F.); (M.J.D.R.)
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Toby St. Clere Smithe
- VERSES Research Lab and Spatial Web Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 90016, USA; (R.J.P.); (T.S.C.S.); (K.F.); (M.J.D.R.)
- Topos Institute, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | | | - Karl Friston
- VERSES Research Lab and Spatial Web Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 90016, USA; (R.J.P.); (T.S.C.S.); (K.F.); (M.J.D.R.)
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Maxwell J. D. Ramstead
- VERSES Research Lab and Spatial Web Foundation, Los Angeles, CA 90016, USA; (R.J.P.); (T.S.C.S.); (K.F.); (M.J.D.R.)
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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4
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Troncoso A, Blanco K, Rivera-Rei Á, Martínez-Pernía D. Empathy bodyssence: temporal dynamics of sensorimotor and physiological responses and the subjective experience in synchrony with the other's suffering. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1362064. [PMID: 38577111 PMCID: PMC10994162 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1362064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Empathy is foundational in our intersubjective interactions, connecting with others across bodily, emotional, and cognitive dimensions. Previous evidence suggests that observing individuals in painful situations elicits whole bodily responses, unveiling the interdependence of the body and empathy. Although the role of the body has been extensively described, the temporal structure of bodily responses and its association with the comprehension of subjective experiences remain unclear. Objective Building upon the enactive approach, our study introduces and examines "bodyssence," a neologism formed from "body" and "essence." Our primary goal is to analyze the temporal dynamics, physiological, and phenomenological elements in synchrony with the experiences of sportspersons suffering physical accidents. Methods Using the empirical 5E approach, a refinement of Varela's neurophenomenological program, we integrated both objective third-person measurements (postural sway, electrodermal response, and heart rate) and first-person descriptions (phenomenological data). Thirty-five participants watched videos of sportspersons experiencing physical accidents during extreme sports practice, as well as neutral videos, while standing on a force platform and wearing electrodermal and heart electrodes. Subsequently, micro-phenomenological interviews were conducted. Results Bodyssence is composed of three distinct temporal dynamics. Forefeel marks the commencement phase, encapsulating the body's pre-reflective consciousness as participants anticipate impending physical accidents involving extreme sportspersons, manifested through minimal postural movement and high heart rate. Fullfeel, capturing the zenith of empathetic engagement, is defined by profound negative emotions, and significant bodily and kinesthetic sensations, with this stage notably featuring an increase in postural movement alongside a reduction in heart rate. In the Reliefeel phase, participants report a decrease in emotional intensity, feeling a sense of relief, as their postural control starts to reach a state of equilibrium, and heart rate remaining low. Throughout these phases, the level of electrodermal activity consistently remains high. Conclusion This study through an enactive approach elucidates the temporal attunement of bodily experience to the pain experienced by others. The integration of both first and third-person perspectives through an empirical 5E approach reveals the intricate nature of bodyssence, offering an innovative approach to understanding the dynamic nature of empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Troncoso
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kevin Blanco
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro Rivera-Rei
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Martínez-Pernía
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Health and Brain Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
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5
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Laroche J, Tomassini A, Fadiga L, D'Ausilio A. Submovement interpersonal coupling is associated to audio-motor coordination performance. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4662. [PMID: 38409187 PMCID: PMC10897171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acting in concert with others, a key aspect of our social life, requires behavioral coordination between persons on multiple timescales. When zooming in on the kinematic properties of movements, it appears that small speed fluctuations, called submovements, are embedded within otherwise smooth end-point trajectories. Submovements, by occurring at a faster timescale than that of movements, offer a novel window upon the functional relationship between distinct motor timescales. In this regard, it has previously been shown that when partners visually synchronize their movements, they also coordinate the timing of their submovement by following an alternated pattern. However, it remains unclear whether the mechanisms behind submovement coordination are domain-general or specific to the visual modality, and whether they have relevance for interpersonal coordination also at the scale of whole movements. In a series of solo and dyadic tasks, we show that submovements are also present and coordinated across partners when sensorimotor interactions are mediated by auditory feedback only. Importantly, the accuracy of task-instructed interpersonal coordination at the movement level correlates with the strength of submovement coordination. These results demonstrate that submovement coordination is a potentially fundamental mechanism that participates in interpersonal motor coordination regardless of the sensory domain mediating the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Laroche
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alice Tomassini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Ferrara, Italy
- Sezione di Fisiologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Riabilitazione, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Ausilio
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Ferrara, Italy
- Sezione di Fisiologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Riabilitazione, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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6
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Cubillas CP, Matute H. When did it happen? Verbal information about causal relations affects time estimation. Conscious Cogn 2023; 113:103554. [PMID: 37494731 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Usually, the closer two events occur, the more likely people infer a causal relationship between them. Recent studies have shown that this relationship between time and causality is bidirectional. Participants also tend to judge events closer in time if they assume that they are causally related. We present six experiments showing causal binding, but unlike other experiments, participants do not emit any motor action, and no physical feedback is given. Rather, all stimuli and causal information are provided verbally. After reading a list of events, participants were asked to estimate the time elapsed between two of them. Those participants who were informed that there was a causal relationship between the two events estimated them as occurring closer to each other. These results support causality- and heuristic-based explanations of temporal binding, as opposed to other explanations such as sensory integration or intentionality of action.
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Laroche J, Tomassini A, Volpe G, Camurri A, Fadiga L, D’Ausilio A. Interpersonal sensorimotor communication shapes intrapersonal coordination in a musical ensemble. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:899676. [PMID: 36248684 PMCID: PMC9556642 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.899676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Social behaviors rely on the coordination of multiple effectors within one's own body as well as between the interacting bodies. However, little is known about how coupling at the interpersonal level impacts coordination among body parts at the intrapersonal level, especially in ecological, complex, situations. Here, we perturbed interpersonal sensorimotor communication in violin players of an orchestra and investigated how this impacted musicians' intrapersonal movements coordination. More precisely, first section violinists were asked to turn their back to the conductor and to face the second section of violinists, who still faced the conductor. Motion capture of head and bow kinematics showed that altering the usual interpersonal coupling scheme increased intrapersonal coordination. Our perturbation also induced smaller yet more complex head movements, which spanned multiple, faster timescales that closely matched the metrical levels of the musical score. Importantly, perturbation differentially increased intrapersonal coordination across these timescales. We interpret this behavioral shift as a sensorimotor strategy that exploits periodical movements to effectively tune sensory processing in time and allows coping with the disruption in the interpersonal coupling scheme. As such, head movements, which are usually deemed to fulfill communicative functions, may possibly be adapted to help regulate own performance in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Laroche
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alice Tomassini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gualtiero Volpe
- Casa Paganini – InfoMus Research Centre, Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Camurri
- Casa Paganini – InfoMus Research Centre, Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Ferrara, Italy
- Sezione di Fisiologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Riabilitazione, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro D’Ausilio
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Ferrara, Italy
- Sezione di Fisiologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Riabilitazione, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Gesbert V, Hauw D, Kempf A, Blauth A, Schiavio A. Creative Togetherness. A Joint-Methods Analysis of Collaborative Artistic Performance. Front Psychol 2022; 13:835340. [PMID: 35418914 PMCID: PMC8996380 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.835340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we combined first-, second-, and third-person levels of analysis to explore the feeling of being and acting together in the context of collaborative artistic performance. Following participation in an international competition held in Czech Republic in 2018, a team of ten artistic swimmers took part in the study. First, a self-assessment instrument was administered to rate the different aspects of togetherness emerging from their collective activity; second, interviews based on video recordings of their performance were conducted individually with all team members; and third, the performance was evaluated by external artistic swimming experts. By combining these levels of analysis in different ways, we explore how changes in togetherness and lived experience in individual behavior may shape, disrupt, and (re-)stabilize joint performance. Our findings suggest that the experience of being and acting together is transient and changing, often alternating phases of decrease and increase in felt togetherness that can be consistently recognized by swimmers and external raters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Hauw
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Kempf
- Center for Systematic Musicology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alison Blauth
- Artistic Swimming Swiss National Federation, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Schiavio
- Center for Systematic Musicology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Laroche J, Vuarnesson L, Endaltseva A, Dumit J, Bachrach A. [Re]moving Bodies - A Shared Diminished Reality Installation for Exploring Relational Movement. Front Psychol 2021; 12:539596. [PMID: 34899446 PMCID: PMC8662540 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.539596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we explore an epistemic approach we name dis/embodiment and introduce “Articulations,” an interdisciplinary project bringing together Virtual Reality (VR) designers, cognitive scientists, dancers, anthropologists, and human–machine interaction specialists. According to Erin Manning, our sense of self and other emerges from processes of bodying and relational movement (becoming oneself by moving in relation with the world). The aim of the project is to exploit the potential of multi-person VR in order to explore the intersubjective dynamics of relational movement and bodying, and to do so with scientific, artistic and therapeutic purposes in mind. To achieve this bridge, we bring up a novel paradigm we name “Shared Diminished Reality”. It consists in using minimalist representation to instantiate users’ bodies in the virtual space. Instead of using humanoid avatars or full body skeletons, we reduce the representation of the moving bodies to three spheres whose trajectories reflect the tracking of the head and the two wrists. This “diminished”virtual rendition of the body-in-movement, we call dis/embodiment. It provides a simple but clear experience of one’s own responsive movement in relation to the world and other bodies. It also allows for subtle manipulations of bodies’ perceptual and cross-perceptual feedback and simplifies the tracking and the analysis of movements. After having introduced the epistemic framework, the basic architecture, and the empirical method informing the installation, we present and discuss, as a proof-of-concept, some data collected in a situated experiment at a science-art event. We investigate motion patterns observed in different experimental conditions (in which participants either could or could not see the representation of their own hands in the virtual space) and their relation with subjective reports collected. We conclude with reflection on further possibilities of our installation in exploring bodying and relational movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Laroche
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Ferrara, Italy.,UMR 7023 Structures Formelles du Langage, St Denis, France
| | - Loup Vuarnesson
- École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratifs, Paris, France.,Emotic, Nantes, France
| | - Alexandra Endaltseva
- UMR 5044, Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Travail, Organisation, Pouvoir (CERTOP), CNRS, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1276, Centre d'Étude des Mouvements Sociaux (CEMS), EHESS, Paris, France
| | - Joseph Dumit
- Science and Technology Studies, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Asaf Bachrach
- UMR 7023 Structures Formelles du Langage, St Denis, France
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10
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Direct Social Perception of Others’ Subjective Time. COGN SYST RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Dumas G, Fairhurst MT. Reciprocity and alignment: quantifying coupling in dynamic interactions. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210138. [PMID: 34040790 PMCID: PMC8113897 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent accounts of social cognition focus on how we do things together, suggesting that becoming aligned relies on a reciprocal exchange of information. The next step is to develop richer computational methods that quantify the degree of coupling and describe the nature of the information exchange. We put forward a definition of coupling, comparing it to related terminology and detail, available computational methods and the level of organization to which they pertain, presenting them as a hierarchy from weakest to richest forms of coupling. The rationale is that a temporally coherent link between two dynamical systems at the lowest level of organization sustains mutual adaptation and alignment at the highest level. Postulating that when we do things together, we do so dynamically over time and we argue that to determine and measure instances of true reciprocity in social exchanges is key. Along with this computationally rich definition of coupling, we present challenges for the field to be tackled by a diverse community working towards a dynamic account of social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Dumas
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Mila – Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Merle T. Fairhurst
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Bundeswehr University, Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Philosophy and Munich Center for Neuroscience, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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12
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Secchi D, Cowley SJ. Cognition in Organisations: What it Is and how it Works. EUROPEAN MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/emre.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Secchi
- Research Centre for Computational & Organizational Cognition, Department of Language and Communication University of Southern Denmark–Slagelse Denmark
| | - Stephen J. Cowley
- Research Centre for Computational & Organizational Cognition, Department of Language and Communication University of Southern Denmark–Slagelse Denmark
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Abstract
AbstractPopulation ageing and discourses on healthy ageing have led to a growing interest in social dancing for seniors. While senior dance has been described as both common and contributing to good health, the fundamental connection between bodily and temporal dimensions has been fairly neglected. As a result, there is a risk of portraying dance among older adults as a general practice, while at the same time the senior dance's potential to shed light on relations between temporality and ageing is not utilised. Based on qualitative interviews with 25 women and eight men, aged 52–81, in Sweden, whose main leisure activity was dancing, this article sheds light on this knowledge gap by illustrating the pleasurable experiences of senior dance. The results illustrate that the pleasurable experiences of dancing can be understood as three different experiences of temporality: embodied experience of extended present, an interaction with synchronised transcending subjectivities and age identities with unbroken temporality. The results also highlight the central role that temporal aspects play in processes around subjectivities in later life, as well as the close connection between ageing embodiment and temporality. They also illustrate the ability of dance to create wellbeing, not only through its physical elements, but also through the sociality that constitutes the core of dancing. In light of these results, the article argues that the temporal processes relate to individuals’ diverse relationship with the world and that they therefore play a central role in subjective experiences of ageing.
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14
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Mouras H, Lelard T. Importance of Temporal Analyzes for the Exploration of the Posturographic Correlates of Emotional Processing. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:277. [PMID: 30498436 PMCID: PMC6249305 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, affective and social neurosciences converged on the study of motor correlates of emotional and motivational information processing. Posturography appeared as a good experimental method to address this question. The use of this method to explore emotional and motivation processing remains recent. Here, we summarize several important arguments showing the importance to explore the temporal aspects of these responses regarding the complexity of the link between emotional information’s parameters (such as arousal) and the corresponding neural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Mouras
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Amiens, France.,Département de Psychologie, UFR SHSP, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Thierry Lelard
- Adaptations Physiologiques à l'Exercice et Réadaptation à l'Effort, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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15
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Joufflineau C, Vincent C, Bachrach A. Synchronization, Attention and Transformation: Multidimensional Exploration of the Aesthetic Experience of Contemporary Dance Spectators. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:E24. [PMID: 29439435 PMCID: PMC5836007 DOI: 10.3390/bs8020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The co-presence of bodies in intersubjective situations can give rise to processes of kinesthetic empathy and physiological synchronization, especially in the context of dance: the body and attention of the spectators are oriented towards the dancers. In this study, we investigate the processes of "body-mind" resonance between a choreography and its spectators, and more specifically the lasting impact of this resonance post-performance. We then explore the relation between the observed effects and subjective measures of attention. The study focuses on the work of the French choreographer Myriam Gourfink, who develops a unique movement, based on the slower breathing of dancers: the breathing generates an extremely slow movement without rhythmic ruptures. Phenomenological studies of her work report changes in temporal perception and changes in bodily attentional states. We made use of two cognitive tasks in order to quantify this change in temporal perception: Spontaneous Motor Tempo (SMT) and Apparent Motion effect (AM) before and after a 40-min live performance. Subjective reports were collected at the end of the performance. Physiological data were recorded before and after the performance. We performed a control experiment with a choreography of a distinctly different quality of movement. Post-Gourfink performance, we observed a significant deceleration of SMT and a decrease in its variability, while AM was reported with longer temporal intervals. Neither of these effects was observed in the control condition. Furthermore, an increase in perception of AM was correlated with a slower breathing rate after the performance. Correlations with subjective reports suggest a link between changes in cognitive and physiological dynamics and the degree of absorption of the spectators in the performance. In addition, these changes were related to specific reported attentional dispositions that we interpret as a form of attentional resonance. The ensemble of the results suggests an expansion of the "specious present" that is related to the slowing of physiological rhythms, and an attentional resonance between spectators and the choreography. The intricate relation we observed between inter-personal resonance and temporal cognition, foregrounds the notion of shared present as a neurophenomenological construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline Joufflineau
- UMR 8218, Institut ACTE, 75015 Paris, France.
- ICI-project, Labex Arts H2H, Université Paris 8, 93526 Saint-Denis, France.
| | - Coralie Vincent
- UMR 7023 CNRS/Paris 8, 75017 Paris, France.
- ICI-project, Labex Arts H2H, Université Paris 8, 93526 Saint-Denis, France.
| | - Asaf Bachrach
- UMR 7023 CNRS/Paris 8, 75017 Paris, France.
- ICI-project, Labex Arts H2H, Université Paris 8, 93526 Saint-Denis, France.
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Himberg T, Laroche J, Bigé R, Buchkowski M, Bachrach A. Coordinated Interpersonal Behaviour in Collective Dance Improvisation: The Aesthetics of Kinaesthetic Togetherness. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:bs8020023. [PMID: 29425178 PMCID: PMC5836006 DOI: 10.3390/bs8020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective dance improvisation (e.g., traditional and social dancing, contact improvisation) is a participatory, relational and embodied art form which eschews standard concepts in aesthetics. We present our ongoing research into the mechanisms underlying the lived experience of “togetherness” associated with such practices. Togetherness in collective dance improvisation is kinaesthetic (based on movement and its perception), and so can be simultaneously addressed from the perspective of the performers and the spectators, and be measured. We utilise these multiple levels of description: the first-person, phenomenological level of personal experiences, the third-person description of brain and body activity, and the level of interpersonal dynamics. Here, we describe two of our protocols: a four-person mirror game and a ‘rhythm battle’ dance improvisation score. Using an interpersonal closeness measure after the practice, we correlate subjective sense of individual/group connectedness and observed levels of in-group temporal synchronization. We propose that kinaesthetic togetherness, or interpersonal resonance, is integral to the aesthetic pleasure of the participants and spectators, and that embodied feeling of togetherness might play a role more generally in aesthetic experience in the performing arts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Himberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
- ICI-Project, Labex Arts H2H, Université Paris 8, 93526 Saint-Denis, France.
| | - Julien Laroche
- ICI-Project, Labex Arts H2H, Université Paris 8, 93526 Saint-Denis, France.
- Akoustic Arts, 157 Boulevard MacDonald, 75019 Paris, France.
| | - Romain Bigé
- ICI-Project, Labex Arts H2H, Université Paris 8, 93526 Saint-Denis, France.
- EA 7410 SACRe, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres/École normale supérieure, 75230 Paris, France.
| | - Megan Buchkowski
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
- ICI-Project, Labex Arts H2H, Université Paris 8, 93526 Saint-Denis, France.
- Department of Music, Mind and Technology, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylän yliopisto, Finland.
| | - Asaf Bachrach
- ICI-Project, Labex Arts H2H, Université Paris 8, 93526 Saint-Denis, France.
- UMR 7023 CNRS/Université Paris 8, 75017 Paris, France.
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Walton AE, Langland-Hassan P, Chemero A, Kloos H, Richardson MJ. Creating Time: Social Collaboration in Music Improvisation. Top Cogn Sci 2018; 10:95-119. [PMID: 29152904 PMCID: PMC5939966 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Musical collaboration emerges from the complex interaction of environmental and informational constraints, including those of the instruments and the performance context. Music improvisation in particular is more like everyday interaction in that dynamics emerge spontaneously without a rehearsed score or script. We examined how the structure of the musical context affords and shapes interactions between improvising musicians. Six pairs of professional piano players improvised with two different backing tracks while we recorded both the music produced and the movements of their heads, left arms, and right arms. The backing tracks varied in rhythmic and harmonic information, from a chord progression to a continuous drone. Differences in movement coordination and playing behavior were evaluated using the mathematical tools of complex dynamical systems, with the aim of uncovering the multiscale dynamics that characterize musical collaboration. Collectively, the findings indicated that each backing track afforded the emergence of different patterns of coordination with respect to how the musicians played together, how they moved together, as well as their experience collaborating with each other. Additionally, listeners' experiences of the music when rating audio recordings of the improvised performances were related to the way the musicians coordinated both their playing behavior and their bodily movements. Accordingly, the study revealed how complex dynamical systems methods (namely recurrence analysis) can capture the turn-taking dynamics that characterized both the social exchange of the music improvisation and the sounds of collaboration more generally. The study also demonstrated how musical improvisation provides a way of understanding how social interaction emerges from the structure of the behavioral task context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Walton
- Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Anthony Chemero
- Department of Psychology, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Heidi Kloos
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael J. Richardson
- Department of Psychology and Perception in Action Research Centre, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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R'Kiouak M, Saury J, Durand M, Bourbousson J. Joint action in an elite rowing pair crew after intensive team training: The reinforcement of extra-personal processes. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 57:303-313. [PMID: 28939198 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study is a follow-up case report of the study from R'Kiouak and colleagues (2016). From the initial study that analyzed how individual experts rowed together while they never had practiced together, we seized here the opportunity to investigate how both rowers synchronize after having intensively practiced joint action through a national training program in which they were invited to take part. The joint action of 2 individual expert rowers, which composed a coxless pair crew, was tracked on-the-water at the end of a team-training program. We first determined how each rower experienced the joint action at each instance of oars' strokes during a 12min race. A phenomenological analysis evidenced several categories of how rowers shared lived experiences of their joint action. From mechanical data captured through an automatic recording device, we then scrutinized the mechanical signatures that correlated with each phenomenological sample. By comparing the present case report to the initial study, results suggested that, after the training program (a) rowers shared more meaningful experience of their joint action, and (b) only the boat velocity's index contributed to explain why oars stroke were alternatively lived as effective or detrimental. The present case report thus suggests that joint action training in rowing might imply an increase in the joint sense-making activities, probably associated with a change from an inter-personal to an extra-personal meaningful mode of co-regulation of the joint action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi R'Kiouak
- Laboratory (Movement, Interactions, Performance) (EA4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, France.
| | - Jacques Saury
- Laboratory (Movement, Interactions, Performance) (EA4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, France
| | | | - Jérôme Bourbousson
- Laboratory (Movement, Interactions, Performance) (EA4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, France
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20
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Riehle M, Kempkensteffen J, Lincoln TM. Quantifying Facial Expression Synchrony in Face-To-Face Dyadic Interactions: Temporal Dynamics of Simultaneously Recorded Facial EMG Signals. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-016-0246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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R'Kiouak M, Saury J, Durand M, Bourbousson J. Joint Action of a Pair of Rowers in a Race: Shared Experiences of Effectiveness Are Shaped by Interpersonal Mechanical States. Front Psychol 2016; 7:720. [PMID: 27242628 PMCID: PMC4870391 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to understand how a single pair of expert individual rowers experienced their crew functioning in natural conditions when asked to practice a joint movement for the first time. To fulfill this objective, we conducted a field study of interpersonal coordination that combined phenomenological and mechanical data from a coxless pair activity, to analyze the dynamics of the (inter)subjective experience compared with the dynamics of the team coordination. Using an enactivist approach to social couplings, these heterogeneous data were combined to explore the salience (and accuracy) of individuals' shared experiences of their joint action. First, we determined how each rower experienced the continuous crew functioning states (e.g., feelings of the boat's glide). Second, the phenomenological data helped us to build several categories of oar strokes (i.e., cycles), experienced by the rowers as either detrimentally or effectively performed strokes. Third, the mechanical signatures that correlated with each phenomenological category were tracked at various level of organization (i.e., individual-, interpersonal-, and boat-levels). The results indicated that (a) the two rowers did not pay attention to their joint action during most of the cycles, (b) some cycles were simultaneously lived as a salient, meaningful experience of either a detrimental (n = 15 cycles) or an effective (n = 18 cycles) joint action, and (c) the mechanical signatures diverged across the delineated phenomenological categories, suggesting that the way in which the cycles were experienced emerged from the variance in some mechanical parameters (i.e., differences in peak force level and mean force). Notably, the mechanical measures that helped to explain differences within the phenomenological categories were found at the interpersonal level of analysis, thus suggesting an intentional inter-personal mode of regulation of their joint action. This result is further challenged and discussed in light of extra-personal regulation processes that might concurrently explain why participants did not make an extensive salient experience of their joint action. We conclude that attempts to combine phenomenological and mechanical data should be pursued to continue the research on how individuals regulate the effectiveness of their joint actions' dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi R'Kiouak
- "Movement, Interactions, Performance" Laboratory (EA4334), University of Nantes Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Saury
- "Movement, Interactions, Performance" Laboratory (EA4334), University of Nantes Nantes, France
| | | | - Jérôme Bourbousson
- "Movement, Interactions, Performance" Laboratory (EA4334), University of Nantes Nantes, France
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Laroche J, Kaddouch I. Spontaneous preferences and core tastes: embodied musical personality and dynamics of interaction in a pedagogical method of improvisation. Front Psychol 2015; 6:522. [PMID: 26052288 PMCID: PMC4439548 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Bourbousson J, R’Kiouak M, Eccles DW. The dynamics of team coordination: A social network analysis as a window to shared awareness. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2014.1001977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dumas G, Laroche J, Lehmann A. Your body, my body, our coupling moves our bodies. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:1004. [PMID: 25566026 PMCID: PMC4267207 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Dumas
- Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit Paris, France ; CNRS UMR3571 Genes, Synapses and Cognition, Institut Pasteur Paris, France ; Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandre Lehmann
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music Montreal, QC, Canada ; International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research Montreal, QC, Canada
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