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Palaz E, Çetinkaya H, Tuncali Z, Kamar B, Dural S. Practice-induced SNARC: evidence from a null-SNARC sample. Cogn Process 2024:10.1007/s10339-024-01198-w. [PMID: 38739287 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-024-01198-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The mental representation of numbers inherently involves a spatial organization, often positioning smaller numbers to the left and larger numbers to the right. The SNARC effect, characterized by faster responses to small numbers using the left hand and vice versa for large numbers, is typically attributed to this left-to-right oriented mental number line (MNL). However, the direction of the SNARC effect seems to rely on reading direction, with most research exploring these mechanisms conducted within left-to-right reading cultures where the SNARC effect is prevalent. This study takes advantage of a sample from a left-to-right reading culture that does not exhibit the SNARC effect, allowing us to isolate and elucidate the stand-alone effects of recent experiences on SNARC. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate how MNL-compatible and MNL-incompatible practices induce an effect within a sample lacking the SNARC effect. To accomplish this, we reinvited the individuals from the sample which had previously shown no SNARC, and retested those who agreed to take part in the current study after an MNL-compatible or MNL-incompatible practice manipulation. The findings revealed an absence of the SNARC effect with MNL-compatible practices. Conversely, MNL-incompatible practices yielded a reverse SNARC effect. These results prompt a discussion on SNARC mechanisms within the framework of practice effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Palaz
- Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics, 35330, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | | | - Zeynep Tuncali
- Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics, 35330, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bengi Kamar
- Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics, 35330, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seda Dural
- Department of Psychology, Izmir University of Economics, 35330, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey
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Kuester-Gruber S, Kabisch P, Cordey-Henke A, Martus P, Karnath HO, Trauzettel-Klosinski S. Vertical and horizontal reading training in patients with hemianopia and its effect on reading eye movements. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3558. [PMID: 38347007 PMCID: PMC10861552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Vertical reading training (VRTr) increases reading speed (RS) significantly in patients with hemianopic field defects (HFD). We ask, how eye movements (EM) contribute to this improvement and whether EM-behavior is affected by the side of HFD. Twenty-one patients, randomly assigned to VRTr or horizontal RTr, trained reading single lines from a screen at home, for 4 weeks. In the clinic, we recorded EM while reading short sentences aloud from a screen before training (T1), directly (T2) and 4 weeks afterwards (T3). RS-screen was correlated with RS during reading printed paragraphs (RS-print) to assess the transfer to everyday life. RS-screen and RS-print correlated positively (horizontal: r > 0.8, vertical: r > 0.9) at all times. Vertical RS did not exceed horizontal RS. We found significant negative correlations of EM-variables and RS-print: in right-HFD with the number of forward saccades (T1: r = - 0.79, T2: r = - 0.94), in left-HFD with the steps during return sweeps (T1: r = - 0.83, T2: r = - 0.56). Training effects remained stable at T3. EM-improvement was specific for the RTr and the side of the HFD: in right-HFD fewer forward saccades after VRTr, in left-HFD fewer steps during return sweeps after HRTr. RTr on a screen transfers to reading printed text in real-life situations.Trial registration: The study was retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials register: DRKS-ID: DRKS00018843, March 13th, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kuester-Gruber
- Vision Rehabilitation Research Unit, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - P Kabisch
- Vision Rehabilitation Research Unit, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Cordey-Henke
- Vision Rehabilitation Research Unit, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - P Martus
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H-O Karnath
- Center of Neurology, Division of Neuropsychology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - S Trauzettel-Klosinski
- Vision Rehabilitation Research Unit, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Khatin-Zadeh O, Farsani D, Hu J, Marmolejo-Ramos F. The role of perceptual and action effector strength of graphs and bases of mathematical metaphors in the metaphorical processing of mathematical concepts. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1178095. [PMID: 37621934 PMCID: PMC10445147 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1178095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metaphors that describe an abstract concept in terms of a motion concept are widely used to enhance our understanding of abstract concepts. These metaphors are used not only in our daily language but also in learning mathematics. As an example, in the process of understanding the abstract representation of a mathematical concept, a graphical representation may play the role of a mediatory domain. This graphical representation could have a high degree of perceptual and action effector strength. This is particularly the case when a gestures (as a motion) is used to depict the graphical representation. After looking at this example, we discuss perceptual and action effector strength of the base domains of several mathematical metaphors that describe mathematical concepts in terms of spatial and motion concepts. Then, based on the data in the Lancaster Sensorimotor Norms, it is suggested that high degrees of perceptual and action effector strength of the base domains of these metaphors play an important role in the grounding of abstract mathematical concepts in the physical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Khatin-Zadeh
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Danyal Farsani
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jiehui Hu
- School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
The space-time interaction suggests a left-to-right directionality in the mind's representation of elapsing time. However, studies showing a possible vertical time representation are scarce and contradictory. In Experiment 1, 32 participants had to judge the duration (200, 300, 500, or 600 ms) of the target stimulus that appeared at the top, centre, or bottom of the screen, compared with a reference stimulus (400 ms) that always appeared in the centre of the screen. In Experiment 2, 32 participants were administered the same procedure, but the reference stimulus appeared at the top, centre, or bottom of the screen and the target stimulus was fixed in the centre location. In both experiments, a space-time interaction was found with an association between short durations and bottom response key as well as between long durations and top key. The evidence of a vertical mental timeline was further confirmed by the distance effect with a lower level of performance for durations close to that of the reference stimulus. The results suggest a bottom-to-top mapping of time representation, more in line with the metaphor "more is up."
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Beracci
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Marissa Lynn Rescott
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Natale
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Fabbri
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
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Choi E, Kim C, Lee KC. Consumer Decision-Making Creativity and Its Relation to Exploitation-Exploration Activities: Eye-Tracking Approach. Front Psychol 2021; 11:557292. [PMID: 33505328 PMCID: PMC7829676 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.557292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern consumers face a dramatic rise in web-based technological advancements and have trouble making rational and proper decisions when they shop online. When they try to make decisions about products and services, they also feel pressured against time when sorting among all of the unnecessary items in the flood of information available on the web. In this sense, they need to use consumer decision-making creativity (CDMC) to make rational decisions. However, unexplored research questions on this subject remain. First, in what ways do task difficulty and time constraints affect visual attention on exploitative and exploratory activities differently? Second, how does the location of the reference (i.e., hints) influence the level of visual attention to exploitative and exploratory activities depending on affordance theory? Third, how do exploratory and exploitative activities affect CDMC? Eye-tracking experiments were conducted with 70 participants to obtain relevant metrics such as total fixation duration (TFD), fixation count (FC), and visit count (VC) to answer these research questions. Our findings suggest that task difficulty influences exploitative activity, whereas time constraint is related to the exploratory activity. The result of the location of hints aligns with the affordance theory for the exploitative activity. Besides, exploratory activity positively affected CDMC, but exploitative activity did not show any effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Choi
- SKK Business School, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheong Kim
- SKK Business School, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Economics Department, Airports Council International World, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kun Chang Lee
- SKK Business School, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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Sixtus E, Lonnemann J, Fischer MH, Werner K. Mental Number Representations in 2D Space. Front Psychol 2019; 10:172. [PMID: 30804847 PMCID: PMC6370679 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence both for mental number representations along a horizontal mental number line with larger numbers to the right of smaller numbers (for Western cultures) and a physically grounded, vertical representation where "more is up." Few studies have compared effects in the horizontal and vertical dimension and none so far have combined both dimensions within a single paradigm where numerical magnitude was task-irrelevant and none of the dimensions was primed by a response dimension. We now investigated number representations over both dimensions, building on findings that mental representations of numbers and space co-activate each other. In a Go/No-go experiment, participants were auditorily primed with a relatively small or large number and then visually presented with quasi-randomly distributed distractor symbols and one Arabic target number (in Go trials only). Participants pressed a central button whenever they detected the target number and elsewise refrained from responding. Responses were not more efficient when small numbers were presented to the left and large numbers to the right. However, results indicated that large numbers were associated with upper space more strongly than small numbers. This suggests that in two-dimensional space when no response dimension is given, numbers are conceptually associated with vertical, but not horizontal space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sixtus
- Faculty of Human Sciences: Research Group “Motor Control and Cognition,” University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Empirical Childhood Research, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jan Lonnemann
- Empirical Childhood Research, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin H. Fischer
- Division of Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Karsten Werner
- Faculty of Human Sciences: Research Group “Motor Control and Cognition,” University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Cipora K, Schroeder PA, Soltanlou M, Nuerk HC. More Space, Better Mathematics: Is Space a Powerful Tool or a Cornerstone for Understanding Arithmetic? VISUALIZING MATHEMATICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98767-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Göbel SM, McCrink K, Fischer MH, Shaki S. Observation of directional storybook reading influences young children's counting direction. J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 166:49-66. [PMID: 28865295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Even before formal schooling, children map numbers onto space in a directional manner. The origin of this preliterate spatial-numerical association is still debated. We investigated the role of enculturation for shaping the directionality of the association between numbers and space, focusing on counting behavior in 3- to 5-year-old preliterate children. Two studies provide evidence that, after observing reading from storybooks (left-to-right or right-to-left reading) children change their counting direction in line with the direction of observed reading. Just observing visuospatial directional movements had no such effect on counting direction. Complementarily, we document that book illustrations, prevalent in children's cultures, exhibit directionality that conforms to the direction of a culture's written language. We propose that shared book reading activates spatiotemporal representations of order in young children, which in turn affect their spatial representation of numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke M Göbel
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Koleen McCrink
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Martin H Fischer
- Division of Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Samuel Shaki
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ariel University Center of Samaria, 44837 Ariel, Israel
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Counting on the mental number line to make a move: sensorimotor ('pen') control and numerical processing. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:3141-3152. [PMID: 28752328 PMCID: PMC5603638 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-5019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mathematics is often conducted with a writing implement. But is there a relationship between numerical processing and sensorimotor 'pen' control? We asked participants to move a stylus so it crossed an unmarked line at a location specified by a symbolic number (1-9), where number colour indicated whether the line ran left-right ('normal') or vice versa ('reversed'). The task could be simplified through the use of a 'mental number line' (MNL). Many modern societies use number lines in mathematical education and the brain's representation of number appears to follow a culturally determined spatial organisation (so better task performance is associated with this culturally normal orientation-the MNL effect). Participants (counter-balanced) completed two consistent blocks of trials, 'normal' and 'reversed', followed by a mixed block where line direction varied randomly. Experiment 1 established that the MNL effect was robust, and showed that the cognitive load associated with reversing the MNL not only affected response selection but also the actual movement execution (indexed by duration) within the mixed trials. Experiment 2 showed that an individual's motor abilities predicted performance in the difficult (mixed) condition but not the easier blocks. These results suggest that numerical processing is not isolated from motor capabilities-a finding with applied consequences.
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Number-space associations without language: Evidence from preverbal human infants and non-human animal species. Psychon Bull Rev 2017; 24:352-369. [PMID: 27488555 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-016-1126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that humans describe and think of numbers as being represented in a spatial configuration, known as the 'mental number line'. The orientation of this representation appears to depend on the direction of writing and reading habits present in a given culture (e.g., left-to-right oriented in Western cultures), which makes this factor an ideal candidate to account for the origins of the spatial representation of numbers. However, a growing number of studies have demonstrated that non-verbal subjects (preverbal infants and non-human animals) spontaneously associate numbers and space. In this review, we discuss evidence showing that pre-verbal infants and non-human animals associate small numerical magnitudes with short spatial extents and left-sided space, and large numerical magnitudes with long spatial extents and right-sided space. Together this evidence supports the idea that a more biologically oriented view can account for the origins of the 'mental number line'. In this paper, we discuss this alternative view and elaborate on how culture can shape a core, fundamental, number-space association.
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Kopiske KK, Löwenkamp C, Eloka O, Schiller F, Kao CS, Wu C, Gao X, Franz VH. The SNARC Effect in Chinese Numerals: Do Visual Properties of Characters and Hand Signs Influence Number Processing? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163897. [PMID: 27684956 PMCID: PMC5042428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The SNARC effect refers to an association of numbers and spatial properties of responses that is commonly thought to be amodal and independent of stimulus notation. We tested for a horizontal SNARC effect using Arabic digits, simple-form Chinese characters and Chinese hand signs in participants from Mainland China. We found a horizontal SNARC effect in all notations. This is the first time that a horizontal SNARC effect has been demonstrated in Chinese characters and Chinese hand signs. We tested for the SNARC effect in two experiments (parity judgement and magnitude judgement). The parity judgement task yielded clear, consistent SNARC effects in all notations, whereas results were more mixed in magnitude judgement. Both Chinese characters and Chinese hand signs are represented non-symbolically for low numbers and symbolically for higher numbers, allowing us to contrast within the same notation the effects of heavily learned non-symbolic vs. symbolic representation on the processing of numbers. In addition to finding a horizontal SNARC effect, we also found a robust numerical distance effect in all notations. This is particularly interesting as it persisted when participants reported using purely visual features to solve the task, thereby suggesting that numbers were processed semantically even when the task could be solved without the semantic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl K. Kopiske
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems@UniTn, Corso Bettini, 31, 38068 Rovereto, TN, Italy
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Psychology, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christian Löwenkamp
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Psychology, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Owino Eloka
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Psychology, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Schiller
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Department of General Psychology, Otto-Behaghel-Straße 10, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Chung-Shan Kao
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Psychology, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chaohua Wu
- Tsinghua University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Gao
- Tsinghua University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Volker H. Franz
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Psychology, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Experimental Cognitive Science, Sand 13, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Exploring the numerical mind by eye-tracking: a special issue. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 80:325-33. [PMID: 26927470 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-016-0759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Cheng X, Ge H, Andoni D, Ding X, Fan Z. Composite body movements modulate numerical cognition: evidence from the motion-numerical compatibility effect. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1692. [PMID: 26594188 PMCID: PMC4633497 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent hierarchical model of numerical processing, initiated by Fischer and Brugger (2011) and Fischer (2012), suggested that situated factors, such as different body postures and body movements, can influence the magnitude representation and bias numerical processing. Indeed, Loetscher et al. (2008) found that participants’ behavior in a random number generation task was biased by head rotations. More small numbers were reported after leftward than rightward head turns, i.e., a motion-numerical compatibility effect. Here, by carrying out two experiments, we explored whether similar motion-numerical compatibility effects exist for movements of other important body components, e.g., arms, and for composite body movements as well, which are basis for complex human activities in many ecologically meaningful situations. In Experiment 1, a motion-numerical compatibility effect was observed for lateral rotations of two body components, i.e., the head and arms. Relatively large numbers were reported after making rightward compared to leftward movements for both lateral head and arm turns. The motion-numerical compatibility effect was observed again in Experiment 2 when participants were asked to perform composite body movements of congruent movement directions, e.g., simultaneous head left turns and arm left turns. However, it disappeared when the movement directions were incongruent, e.g., simultaneous head left turns and arm right turns. Taken together, our results extended Loetscher et al.’s (2008) finding by demonstrating that their effect is effector-general and exists for arm movements. Moreover, our study reveals for the first time that the impact of spatial information on numerical processing induced by each of the two sensorimotor-based situated factors, e.g., a lateral head turn and a lateral arm turn, can cancel each other out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education Wuhan, China ; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University (CCNU) Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Ge
- Department of Public Education, Tibet Vocational Technical College Lhasa, China
| | - Deljfina Andoni
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education Wuhan, China ; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University (CCNU) Wuhan, China
| | - Xianfeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education Wuhan, China ; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University (CCNU) Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education Wuhan, China ; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University (CCNU) Wuhan, China
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