1
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Suárez-Iglesias D, García-Porro M, Clardy A, Ayán Pérez C. Feasibility and effects of a chair-based yoga program for adults with neurodisability. Disabil Rehabil 2021; 44:5220-5230. [PMID: 34100670 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.1933617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study focuses on exploring the feasibility and the effects of practicing chair-based yoga for 10 weeks on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and interoceptive body awareness (BA) in adults with neurodisability and moderate to severe physical dependence.Materials and Methods: A pre- and post-testing control group design was followed. Participants were 34 service users at a rehabilitation center. The intervention group (IG, n = 17, 53% men, mean age of 48.6 ± 11.4 years) took part in the 10-week chair-based yoga program. The control group (CG, n = 17, 53% men, mean age of 53.1 ± 11.0 years) received usual care. The outcome measures were feasibility (recruitment rate, attrition, completion rate, adherence, participation, safety and tolerability), HRQoL (WHOQoL-BREF questionnaire), and BA (the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, MAIA). Participants in the IG completed a questionnaire to measure their personal experience of participating in the program.Results and Conclusions: This study provides implications for a 10-week chair-based yoga program as a feasible, well-tolerated, and safe intervention, reinforced by the participants' retrospective judgment. Compared to the CG, the program produced statistically significant improvements over BA, such as subscales of MAIA Noticing (p = .031, Hedges gs = 0.76), Emotional Awareness (p < .001, Hedges gs = 1.68), and Trusting (p = .036, Hedges gs = 0.74), but not HRQoL, for the IG. Chair-based yoga programs could be a rehabilitation strategy in the socio-health care of a varied population with physical mobility impairments leading to wheelchair use.Implications for RehabilitationA 10-week chair-based yoga intervention was shown to be a feasible, well-tolerated, and safe therapy which allowed people of varying abilities to participate equitable.Chair-based yoga can help people with moderate to severe physical dependence due to neurodisability to improve their interoceptive body awareness.Chair-based yoga does not have a significant impact on the health-related quality of life of this sample of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Suárez-Iglesias
- VALFIS ResearchGroup, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Mabel García-Porro
- CRE Discapacidad y Dependencia, Institute for Older Persons and Social Services (IMSERSO), León, Spain
| | - Aisling Clardy
- UNESCO Chair in Disability Inclusive Physical Education, Sport, Recreation and Fitness, Munster Technological University (MTU), Kerry, Ireland
| | - Carlos Ayán Pérez
- Departamento de Didácticas Especiais, Universidade de Vigo, Well-Move Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Pontevedra, Spain
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2
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Galli G, Cakmak YO, Babič J, Pazzaglia M. Editorial: Embodying Tool Use: From Cognition to Neurorehabilitation. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:585670. [PMID: 33192422 PMCID: PMC7606925 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.585670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galli
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Yusuf Ozgur Cakmak
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Health Systems and Technology, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jan Babič
- Laboratory for Neuromechanics and Biorobotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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3
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Lindblom J. A Radical Reassessment of the Body in Social Cognition. Front Psychol 2020; 11:987. [PMID: 32581915 PMCID: PMC7291370 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main issue addressed in this paper is to provide a reassessment of the role and relevance of the body in social cognition from a radical embodied cognitive science perspective. Initially, I provide a historical introduction of the traditional account of the body in cognitive science, which I here call the cognitivist view. I then present several lines of criticism raised against the cognitivist view advanced by more embodied, enacted and situated approaches in cognitive science, and related disciplines. Next, I analyze several approaches under the umbrella of embodied social cognition. My line of argument is that some of these approaches, although pointing toward the right direction of conceiving that the social mind is not merely contained inside the head, still fail to fully acknowledge the radically embodied social mind. I argue that the failure of these accounts of embodied social cognition could be associated with so-called 'simple embodiment.' The third part of this paper focuses on elaborating an alternative characterization of the radically embodied social mind that also tries to reduce the remaining problems with 'simple embodiment.' I draw upon two turns in radically embodied cognitive science, the enactive turn, and the intersubjective turn. On the one hand, there is the risk of focusing too much on the individual level in social cognition that may result in new kinds of methodological individualism that partly neglect the social dimension. On the other hand, socially distributed and socially extended approaches that pay more attention to the dynamics within social interaction may encounter the risk of ignoring the individual during social interaction dynamics and simultaneously not emphasizing the role of embodiment. The approach taken is to consider several ways of describing and incorporating the (individual) social mind at the social level that includes language. I outline some ideas and motivations for how to study and expand the field of radical embodied social cognition in the future, as well as pose the ubiquitous hazard of falling back into a cognitivism view in several ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lindblom
- Interaction Lab, School of Informatics, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
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4
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Acquisition of Ownership Illusion with Self-Disownership in Neurological Patients. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10030170. [PMID: 32183477 PMCID: PMC7139520 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10030170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The multisensory regions in frontoparietal cortices play a crucial role in the sense of body and self. Disrupting this sense may lead to a feeling of disembodiment, or more generally, a sense of disownership. Experimentally, this altered consciousness disappears during illusory own-body perceptions, increasing the intensity of perceived ownership for an external virtual limb. In many clinical conditions, particularly in individuals with a discontinuous or absent sense of bodily awareness, the brain may effortlessly create a convincing feeling of body ownership over a surrogate body or body part. The immediate visual input dominates the current bodily state and induces rapid plastic adaptation that reconfigures the dynamics of bodily representation, allowing the brain to acquire an alternative sense of body and self. Investigating strategies to deconstruct the lack of a normal sense of bodily ownership, especially after a neurological injury, may aid the selection of appropriate clinical treatment.
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5
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Galli G, Lenggenhager B, Scivoletto G, Giannini AM, Pazzaglia M. "My friend, the pain": does altered body awareness affect the valence of pain descriptors? J Pain Res 2019; 12:1721-1732. [PMID: 31213884 PMCID: PMC6549758 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s191548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pain is a marker of bodily status, that despite being aversive under most conditions, may also be perceived as a positive experience. However, how bodily states represent, define, and interpret pain signals, and how these processes might be reflected in common language, remains unclear. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to explore the relationship between bodily awareness, pain reactions, and descriptions. A list of pain-related terms was generated from open-ended interviews with persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), and 138 participants (persons with SCI, health professionals, and a healthy control group) rated each descriptor as representative of pain on a gradated scale. A lexical decision task was used to test the strength of the automatic association of the word “pain” with positive and negative concepts. The behavioral results were related to body awareness, experience of pain, and exposure to pain, by comparing the three groups. Results: Higher positive and lower negative pain descriptors, as well as slower response times when categorizing pain as an unpleasant experience were found in the SCI group. The effect was not modulated by either the time since the injury or the present pain intensity, but it was linked to the level of subjective bodily awareness. Compared with the SCI group, health experts and non-experts both associated more quickly the word “pain” and unpleasant in the lexical decision task. However, while health professionals attributed positive linguistic qualities to pain, pain was exclusively associated with negative descriptors in healthy controls group. Conclusions: These findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical and clinical implications. An awareness of bodily signals prominently affects both the sensory and linguistic responses in persons with SCI. Pain should be evaluated more broadly to understand and, by extension, to manage, experiences beyond its adverse side.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Galli
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - B Lenggenhager
- Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - A M Giannini
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - M Pazzaglia
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Psicologia, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
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6
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Pazzaglia M, Galli G. Action Observation for Neurorehabilitation in Apraxia. Front Neurol 2019; 10:309. [PMID: 31001194 PMCID: PMC6456663 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurorehabilitation and brain stimulation studies of post-stroke patients suggest that action-observation effects can lead to rapid improvements in the recovery of motor functions and long-term motor cortical reorganization. Apraxia is a clinically important disorder characterized by marked impairment in representing and performing skillful movements [gestures], which limits many daily activities and impedes independent functioning. Recent clinical research has revealed errors of visuo-motor integration in patients with apraxia. This paper presents a rehabilitative perspective focusing on the possibility of action observation as a therapeutic treatment for patients with apraxia. This perspective also outlines impacts on neurorehabilitation and brain repair following the reinforcement of the perceptual-motor coupling. To date, interventions based primarily on action observation in apraxia have not been undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Pazzaglia
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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7
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Scivoletto G, Galli G, Torre M, Molinari M, Pazzaglia M. The Overlooked Outcome Measure for Spinal Cord Injury: Use of Assistive Devices. Front Neurol 2019; 10:272. [PMID: 30967836 PMCID: PMC6438886 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several outcome measures are used to assess various areas of interest regarding spinal cord injuries (SCIs), little is known about the frequency of their use, and the ways in which they transform shared knowledge into implemented practices. Herein, 800 professionals from the International Spinal Cord Society, especially trained for caring in patients with SCI, were invited to respond to an Internet survey collecting information on the use of standardized measures in daily clinical practices. We asked both clinicians and researchers with different areas of interest about their use of functional outcome measures, and, in particular, which scales they habitually use to assess various aspects of clinical practice and rehabilitation. We selected a set of rating scales, which were validated for measuring SCIs (http://www.scireproject.com/outcome-measures). The results show that the areas of interest assessed by most of the participants were neurological status, upper limb, lower limb gait, pain, spasticity, self-care, and daily living. The most widely used rating scales were the spinal cord independence measure, the functional independence measure and the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. Instead, the majority of respondents did not evaluate the use of assistive technology. Despite the availability of several outcome scales, the practice of evaluating SCIs with standardized measures for assistive technologies and wheelchair mobility is still not widespread, even though it is a high priority in the rehabilitation of SCI patients. The results emphasize the need for a more thorough knowledge and use of outcome scales, thus improving the quality of assistive device evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Scivoletto
- Spinal Cord Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Spinal Rehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Galli
- Spinal Cord Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Torre
- Spinal Cord Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Spinal Rehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Spinal Cord Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- Spinal Cord Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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8
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Embodying functionally relevant action sounds in patients with spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15641. [PMID: 30353071 PMCID: PMC6199269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that perceptual-motor codes may be associated with and influenced by actual bodily states. Following a spinal cord injury (SCI), for example, individuals exhibit reduced visual sensitivity to biological motion. However, a dearth of direct evidence exists about whether profound alterations in sensorimotor traffic between the body and brain influence audio-motor representations. We tested 20 wheelchair-bound individuals with lower skeletal-level SCI who were unable to feel and move their lower limbs, but have retained upper limb function. In a two-choice, matching-to-sample auditory discrimination task, the participants were asked to determine which of two action sounds matched a sample action sound presented previously. We tested aural discrimination ability using sounds that arose from wheelchair, upper limb, lower limb, and animal actions. Our results indicate that an inability to move the lower limbs did not lead to impairment in the discrimination of lower limb-related action sounds in SCI patients. Importantly, patients with SCI discriminated wheelchair sounds more quickly than individuals with comparable auditory experience (i.e. physical therapists) and inexperienced, able-bodied subjects. Audio-motor associations appear to be modified and enhanced to incorporate external salient tools that now represent extensions of their body schemas.
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9
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Pazzaglia M, Galli G, Lucci G, Scivoletto G, Molinari M, Haggard P. Phantom limb sensations in the ear of a patient with a brachial plexus lesion. Cortex 2018; 117:385-395. [PMID: 30293692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Referred phantom sensations are frequently reported following a peripheral injury. However, very few cases describe such sensations of the ear, and it remains unclear how the aural nerve territory can be remapped to one specific peripheral nerve region. We report on a patient with brachial plexus avulsion who underwent sensory testing and was asked to report the location of the stimulated site and any other sensations experienced. The patient spontaneously described the sensation of his arm being separate from his body. Despite visual input, he felt that his fist was closed, with his thumb pointing inward. Importantly, he felt clear and reproducible sensations from the affected arm when the ipsilateral ear was touched. These referred sensations were noted just 15 days after sustaining the injury. The arm nerve territory was systematically remapped to a specific aural nerve territory by applying both manual and electrical stimulation. Stimulation of the external ear, which is innervated by the vagus nerve, showed high spatial specificity for the dorsal and volar skin surfaces of the limb, and clearly delineated digits. Somatosensory-evoked potentials indicated that cortical adaptation in the somatosensory stream transferred a spatially organized map of the limb to the skin of the outer ear. This referral of sensations to the ear, as distinct from the face, provides evidence of highly specific topographical reorganization of the central nervous system following peripheral injury. Rapid map changes in the phantom sensation to the ear as a function of stimulation of vagus nerve suggest that the reorganization process can occur in cortex rather than in the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Pazzaglia
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Giuliana Lucci
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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10
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Pazzaglia M, Haggard P, Scivoletto G, Molinari M, Lenggenhager B. Pain and somatic sensation are transiently normalized by illusory body ownership in a patient with spinal cord injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 34:603-13. [PMID: 27080071 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spinal cord injury (SCI), a profound impairment of sensorimotor functions, is often associated with pain related phenomena, including mechanical allodynia, a condition in which non-painful tactile sensation is perceived as pain. Pain and somatic sensation are undeniable markers of normal bodily awareness. However, the mechanism by which they are integrated into a coherent sense of the bodily self remains largely unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of high-level multisensory manipulation on subjective experiences of pain, touch, and body-ownership. METHODS We administered visuo-tactile stimulation based on the rubber hand illusion. In a longitudinal study, we compared the strength of the illusion in a male with SCI, who initially had lost somatosensation in all his fingers, but a few months later reported signs of tactile allodynia restricted to the left C6-dermatome. RESULTS After the restoration of some somatosensation, even if it were painful, synchronous but not asynchronous visuo-tactile stimulation induced body illusion. Previously painful stimuli were temporarily perceived as less painful, and the patient further regained tactile sensations in adjacent numb areas. CONCLUSIONS The sensations of touch and pain are mutually influenced and inextricably linked to a coherent representation of one's own body. Multisensory manipulations affecting the perception and representation of the body might thus offer a powerful opportunity to mitigate nociceptive and somatic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Pazzaglia
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza, " Via dei Marsi, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Marco Molinari
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina, Rome, Italy
| | - Bigna Lenggenhager
- Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Fiore A, Pazzaglia M. Commentary: Cortical Plasticity and Olfactory Function in Early Blindness. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 10:689. [PMID: 28119592 PMCID: PMC5220096 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fiore
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”Rome, Italy
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Mariella Pazzaglia
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12
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Zantedeschi M, Pazzaglia M. Commentary: Non-invasive Brain Stimulation, a Tool to Revert Maladaptive Plasticity in Neuropathic Pain. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:544. [PMID: 27833544 PMCID: PMC5081357 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zantedeschi
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”Rome, Italy
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy
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13
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Luongo MA, Pazzaglia M. Commentary: Body Image Distortion and Exposure to Extreme Body Types: Contingent Adaptation and Cross Adaptation for Self and Other. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:526. [PMID: 27818630 PMCID: PMC5073138 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”Rome, Italy
- Clinical Neuroscience Lab, IRCCS Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Mariella Pazzaglia
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14
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Pazzaglia M, Zantedeschi M. Plasticity and Awareness of Bodily Distortion. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:9834340. [PMID: 27630779 PMCID: PMC5007354 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9834340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the body is filtered by perceptual information, recalibrated through predominantly innate stored information, and neurally mediated by direct sensory motor information. Despite multiple sources, the immediate prediction, construction, and evaluation of one's body are distorted. The origins of such distortions are unclear. In this review, we consider three possible sources of awareness that inform body distortion. First, the precision in the body metric may be based on the sight and positioning sense of a particular body segment. This view provides information on the dual nature of body representation, the reliability of a conscious body image, and implicit alterations in the metrics and positional correspondence of body parts. Second, body awareness may reflect an innate organizational experience of unity and continuity in the brain, with no strong isomorphism to body morphology. Third, body awareness may be based on efferent/afferent neural signals, suggesting that major body distortions may result from changes in neural sensorimotor experiences. All these views can be supported empirically, suggesting that body awareness is synthesized from multimodal integration and the temporal constancy of multiple body representations. For each of these views, we briefly discuss abnormalities and therapeutic strategies for correcting the bodily distortions in various clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Pazzaglia
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Zantedeschi
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome “La Sapienza,” Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
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15
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Galli G, Pazzaglia M. Novel perspectives on health professionals' attitudes to disability. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2016; 50:804-806. [PMID: 27402040 DOI: 10.1111/medu.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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16
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Pazzaglia M, Molinari M. The re-embodiment of bodies, tools, and worlds after spinal cord injury: An intricate picture: Reply to comments on "The embodiment of assistive devices-From wheelchair to exoskeleton". Phys Life Rev 2016; 16:191-4. [PMID: 26917254 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Pazzaglia
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Molinari
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
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17
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Pazzaglia M, Molinari M. The embodiment of assistive devices-from wheelchair to exoskeleton. Phys Life Rev 2015; 16:163-75. [PMID: 26708357 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) place a heavy burden on the healthcare system and have a high personal impact and marked socio-economic consequences. Clinically, no absolute cure for these conditions exists. However, in recent years, there has been an increased focus on new robotic technologies that can change the frame we think about the prognosis for recovery and for treating some functions of the body affected after SCIs. This review has two goals. The first is to assess the possibility of the embodiment of functional assistive tools after traumatic disruption of the neural pathways between the brain and the body. To this end, we will examine how altered sensorimotor information modulates the sense of the body in SCI. The second goal is to map the phenomenological experience of using external tools that typically extend the potential of the body physically impaired by SCI. More specifically, we will focus on the difference between the perception of one's physically augmented and non-augmented affected body based on observable and measurable behaviors. We discuss potential clinical benefits of enhanced embodiment of the external objects by way of multisensory interventions. This review argues that the future evolution of human robotic technologies will require adopting an embodied approach, taking advantage of brain plasticity to allow bionic limbs to be mapped within the neural circuits of physically impaired individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Pazzaglia
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Molinari
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
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18
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Galli G, Lenggenhager B, Scivoletto G, Molinari M, Pazzaglia M. Don't look at my wheelchair! The plasticity of longlasting prejudice. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2015; 49:1239-1247. [PMID: 26611189 DOI: 10.1111/medu.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Scientific research has consistently shown that prejudicial behaviour may contribute to discrimination and disparities in social groups. However, little is known about whether and how implicit assumptions and direct contact modulate the interaction and quality of professional interventions in education and health contexts. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to examine implicit and explicit attitudes towards wheelchair users. METHODS We investigated implicit and explicit attitudes towards wheelchair users in three different groups: patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI); health professionals with intense contact with wheelchair users, and healthy participants without personal contact with wheelchair users. To assess the short-term plasticity of prejudices, we used a valid intervention that aims to change implicit attitudes through brief direct contact with a patient who uses a wheelchair in an ecologically valid real-life interaction. RESULTS We found that: (i) wheelchair users with SCI held positive explicit but negative implicit attitudes towards their novel in-group; (ii) the amount of experience with wheelchair users affected implicit attitudes among health professionals, and (iii) interacting with a patient with SCI who contradicts prejudices modulated implicit negative bias towards wheelchair users in healthy participants. CONCLUSIONS The use of a wheelchair immediately and profoundly affects how a person is perceived. However, our findings highlight the dynamic nature of perceptions of social identity, which are not only sensitive to personal beliefs, but also highly permeable to intergroup interactions. Having direct contact with people with disabilities might foster positive attitudes in multidisciplinary health care teams. Such interventions could be integrated into medical education programmes to successfully prevent or reduce hidden biases in a new generation of health professionals and to increase the general acceptance of disability in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galli
- IRCCS (Istituto di Recovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico [Research Hospital]) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Bigna Lenggenhager
- Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Scivoletto
- IRCCS (Istituto di Recovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico [Research Hospital]) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- IRCCS (Istituto di Recovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico [Research Hospital]) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- IRCCS (Istituto di Recovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico [Research Hospital]) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
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Galli G, Noel JP, Canzoneri E, Blanke O, Serino A. The wheelchair as a full-body tool extending the peripersonal space. Front Psychol 2015; 6:639. [PMID: 26042069 PMCID: PMC4435246 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedicated multisensory mechanisms in the brain represent peripersonal space (PPS), a limited portion of space immediately surrounding the body. Previous studies have illustrated the malleability of PPS representation through hand-object interaction, showing that tool use extends the limits of the hand-centered PPS. In the present study we investigated the effects of a special tool, the wheelchair, in extending the action possibilities of the whole body. We used a behavioral measure to quantify the extension of the PPS around the body before and after Active (Experiment 1) and Passive (Experiment 2) training with a wheelchair and when participants were blindfolded (Experiment 3). Results suggest that a wheelchair-mediated passive exploration of far space extended PPS representation. This effect was specifically related to the possibility of receiving information from the environment through vision, since no extension effect was found when participants were blindfolded. Surprisingly, the active motor training did not induce any modification in PPS representation, probably because the wheelchair maneuver was demanding for non-expert users and thus they may have prioritized processing of information from close to the wheelchair rather than at far spatial locations. Our results suggest that plasticity in PPS representation after tool use seems not to strictly depend on active use of the tool itself, but is triggered by simultaneous processing of information from the body and the space where the body acts in the environment, which is more extended in the case of wheelchair use. These results contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying body-environment interaction for developing and improving applications of assistive technological devices in different clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galli
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy ; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Paul Noel
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland ; Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland ; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elisa Canzoneri
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland ; Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland ; Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland ; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Serino
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland ; Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lucci G, Pazzaglia M. Towards multiple interactions of inner and outer sensations in corporeal awareness. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:163. [PMID: 25883564 PMCID: PMC4381648 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under normal circumstances, different inner- and outer-body sources are integrated to form coherent and accurate mental experiences of the state of the body, leading to the phenomenon of corporeal awareness. How these processes are affected by changes in inner and outer inputs to the body remains unclear. Here, we aim to present empirical evidence in which people with a massive sensory and motor disconnection may continue to experience feelings of general body state awareness without complete control of their inner and outer states. In these clinical populations, the activity of the neural structures subserving inner and outer body processing can be manipulated and tuned by means of body illusions that are usually based on multisensory stimulation. We suggest that a multisensory therapeutic approach could be adopted in the context of therapies for patients suffering from deafferentation and deefferentation. In this way, these individuals could regain a more complete feeling and control of the sensations they experience, which vary widely depending on their neurological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Lucci
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy ; Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" Rome, Italy
| | - Mariella Pazzaglia
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy ; Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" Rome, Italy
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