1
|
Xavier LCG, Matos BN, Barbalho GN, Falcão MA, Cunha-Filho M, Gelfuso GM, Gratieri T. In Vitro Performance Analysis of a Minoxidil Thermosensitive Gel with Reduced Runoff for Eyebrow Hair Growth. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040269. [PMID: 37102881 PMCID: PMC10137639 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in innovative products for eyebrow hair loss treatment with fewer adverse effects. Nevertheless, a fundamental formulation aspect of preventing the fragile skin from the ocular region from being irritated is that the formulations remain restricted to the application region and do not run off. Consequently, the methods and protocols in drug delivery scientific research must be adapted to fulfill such performance analysis demand. Thus, this work aimed to propose a novel protocol to evaluate the in vitro performance of a topical gel formulation with a reduced runoff for minoxidil (MXS) delivery to eyebrows. MXS was formulated with 16% poloxamer 407 (PLX) and 0.4% of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). The sol/gel transition temperature, viscosity at 25 °C, and formulation runoff distance on the skin were evaluated to characterize the formulation. The release profile and skin permeation were evaluated in Franz vertical diffusion cells for 12 h and compared to a control formulation (4% PLX and 0.7% HPMC). Then, the formulation's performance at promoting minoxidil skin penetration with minimum runoff was evaluated in a vertical custom-made permeation template (divided into three areas: superior, middle, and inferior). The MXS release profile from the test formulation was comparable to that from the MXS solution and the control formulation. There was also no difference in the MXS amount that penetrated the skin in the permeation experiments in Franz diffusion cells using the different formulations (p > 0.05). However, the test formulation demonstrated a localized MXS delivery at the application site in the vertical permeation experiment. In conclusion, the proposed protocol could differentiate the test formulation from the control, attesting to its better performance in efficiently delivering MXS to the site of interest (middle third of application). The vertical protocol can be easily employed to evaluate other gels with a drip-free appeal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano C G Xavier
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Breno N Matos
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Geisa N Barbalho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Manuel A Falcão
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Harber KD, K Stefanucci J, Stokes DR. The Integrity of Motivated Vision: A Reply to Gilchrist, 2020. Perception 2021; 50:287-293. [PMID: 33663281 DOI: 10.1177/0301006621998909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
3
|
Penetrabilidad cognitiva en la percepción visual temprana: Evidencia empírica en humanos. REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGÍA 2021. [DOI: 10.33881/2027-1786.rip.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Con base en un trasfondo teórico sobre las concepciones modulares de la mente de Fodor (2001) y Pinker (2005), el objetivo del presente texto es analizar cualitativemente la solidez de la evidencia experimental de una muestra de artículos publicados entre 2002 y 2017 que apoyan la tesis de la penetrabilidad cognitiva en la percepción visual temprana. El estudio se justifica por las implicaciones que pueden tener los resultados de estas investigaciones para las diferentes concepciones sobre arquitectura mental en funciones perceptuales, procesamiento de la información intra e intermodular e isomorfismo entre arquitectura mental y cerebral. La metodología que se utilizó para realizar este estudio implicó establecimiento de la tesis y de los criterios de inclusión de los artículos a revisar, selección final de los artículos más representativos sobre las subáreas seleccionadas, análisis de la calidad metodológica y de los resultados de éstos, identificación de aportes específicos de cada estudio a la tesis planteada e interpretación y síntesis de los hallazgos. De 26 artículos revisados sobre el tema, se reportan y analizan 7, que se consideran representativos de 4 subáreas: penetrabilidad de expectativas, de percepción del color, de rasgos faciales y de reconocimiento de objetos. Se concluye que hay amplia y sólida evidencia convergente (perceptual y neurofisiológica) a favor de los fenómenos penetrativos en la visión temprana, lo cual apoyaría indirectamente la hipótesis de permeabilidad de los módulos mentales de Pinker. Se formulan recomendaciones sobre aspectos por investigar y variables a controlar en experimentos sobre este tema.
Collapse
|
4
|
Plate RC, Wood A, Woodard K, Pollak SD. Probabilistic learning of emotion categories. J Exp Psychol Gen 2018; 148:1814-1827. [PMID: 30570327 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the configurations of facial muscles that humans perceive vary continuously, we often represent emotions as categories. This suggests that, as in other domains of categorical perception such as speech and color perception, humans become attuned to features of emotion cues that map onto meaningful thresholds for these signals given their environments. However, little is known about the learning processes underlying the representation of these salient social signals. In Experiment 1 we test the role of statistical distributions of facial cues in the maintenance of an emotion category in both children (6-8 years old) and adults (18-22 years old). Children and adults learned the boundary between neutral and angry when provided with explicit feedback (supervised learning). However, after we exposed participants to different statistical distributions of facial cues, they rapidly shifted their category boundaries for each emotion during a testing phase. In Experiments 2 and 3, we replicated this finding and also tested the extent to which learners are able to track statistical distributions for multiple actors. Not only did participants form actor-specific categories, but the distributions of facial cues also influenced participants' trait judgments about the actors. Taken together, these data are consistent with the view that the way humans construe emotion (in this case, anger) is not only flexible, but reflects complex learning about the distributions of the myriad cues individuals experience in their social environments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
5
|
Cecchi AS. Cognitive penetration of early vision in face perception. Conscious Cogn 2018; 63:254-266. [PMID: 29909046 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive and affective penetration of perception refers to the influence that higher mental states such as beliefs and emotions have on perceptual systems. Psychological and neuroscientific studies appear to show that these states modulate the visual system at the visuomotor, attentional, and late levels of processing. However, empirical evidence showing that similar consequences occur in early stages of visual processing seems to be scarce. In this paper, I argue that psychological evidence does not seem to be either sufficient or necessary to argue in favour of or against the cognitive penetration of perception in either late or early vision. In order to do that we need to have recourse to brain imaging techniques. Thus, I introduce a neuroscientific study and argue that it seems to provide well-grounded evidence for the cognitive penetration of early vision in face perception. I also examine and reject alternative explanations to my conclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariel S Cecchi
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, United Kingdom; Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Juckel G, Heinisch C, Welpinghus A, Brüne M. Understanding Another Person's Emotions-An Interdisciplinary Research Approach. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:414. [PMID: 30237772 PMCID: PMC6135884 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An interdisciplinary research perspective is developed concerning the question of how we understand others' emotions and how reliable our judgment about others' emotion can be. After an outline of the theoretical background of emotions, we briefly discuss the importance of prior experiences and context information for the recognition of emotions. To clarify this role, we describe a study design, utilizing emotional expressions and context information while controlling for prior experiences and the actual emotional situation to systematically approach these questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christine Heinisch
- Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anna Welpinghus
- Institute of Philosophy II, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Brüne
- Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr University Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
M Schaller U, Rauh R. What Difference Does It Make? Implicit, Explicit and Complex Social Cognition in Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:961-979. [PMID: 28083780 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-3008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We tested social cognition abilities of adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and neurotypically developed peers (NTD). A multi-faceted test-battery including facial emotion categorization (FEC), classical false belief tasks (FBT), and complex social cognition (SC), yielded significantly lower accuracy rates for FEC and complex SC tasks in ASD, but no significant differences in performance concerning FBT. A significant correlation between age and performance in a FEC task and in a complex task was found only in ASD. We propose that dynamic and/or fragmented FEC tasks can elicit deficits in implicit processing of facial emotion more efficiently. The difficulties of ASD in solving complex SC tasks can be ascribed to deficits in the acquisition and application of social schemata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich M Schaller
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 8, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Reinhold Rauh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 8, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kesner L, Horáček J. Empathy-Related Responses to Depicted People in Art Works. Front Psychol 2017; 8:228. [PMID: 28286487 PMCID: PMC5323429 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing theories of empathic response to visual art works postulate the primacy of automatic embodied reaction to images based on mirror neuron mechanisms. Arguing for a more inclusive concept of empathy-related response and integrating four distinct bodies of literature, we discuss contextual, and personal factors which modulate empathic response to depicted people. We then present an integrative model of empathy-related responses to depicted people in art works. The model assumes that a response to empathy-eliciting figural artworks engages the dynamic interaction of two mutually interlinked sets of processes: socio-affective/cognitive processing, related to the person perception, and esthetic processing, primarily concerned with esthetic appreciation and judgment and attention to non-social aspects of the image. The model predicts that the specific pattern of interaction between empathy-related and esthetic processing is co-determined by several sets of factors: (i) the viewer's individual characteristics, (ii) the context variables (which include various modes of priming by narratives and other images), (iii) multidimensional features of the image, and (iv) aspects of a viewer's response. Finally we propose that the model is implemented by the interaction of functionally connected brain networks involved in socio-cognitive and esthetic processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Kesner
- Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging, National Institute of Mental HealthKlecany, Czechia; Department of Art History, Masaryk University BrnoBrno, Czechia
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health Klecany, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Newen A, Marchi F, Brössel P. Introduction – Cognitive penetration and predictive coding. Pushing the debate forward with the recent achievements of cognitive science. Conscious Cogn 2017; 47:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Smortchkova J. Encapsulated social perception of emotional expressions. Conscious Cogn 2016; 47:38-47. [PMID: 27633525 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper I argue that the detection of emotional expressions is, in its early stages, informationally encapsulated. I clarify and defend such a view via the appeal to data from social perception on the visual processing of faces, bodies, facial and bodily expressions. Encapsulated social perception might exist alongside processes that are cognitively penetrated, and that have to do with recognition and categorization, and play a central evolutionary function in preparing early and rapid responses to the emotional stimuli.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wood A, Rychlowska M, Korb S, Niedenthal P. Fashioning the Face: Sensorimotor Simulation Contributes to Facial Expression Recognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 20:227-240. [PMID: 26876363 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
When we observe a facial expression of emotion, we often mimic it. This automatic mimicry reflects underlying sensorimotor simulation that supports accurate emotion recognition. Why this is so is becoming more obvious: emotions are patterns of expressive, behavioral, physiological, and subjective feeling responses. Activation of one component can therefore automatically activate other components. When people simulate a perceived facial expression, they partially activate the corresponding emotional state in themselves, which provides a basis for inferring the underlying emotion of the expresser. We integrate recent evidence in favor of a role for sensorimotor simulation in emotion recognition. We then connect this account to a domain-general understanding of how sensory information from multiple modalities is integrated to generate perceptual predictions in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Wood
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | | | - Sebastian Korb
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paula Niedenthal
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|