Biological Agency: Its Subjective Foundations and a Large-Scale Taxonomy

Primal awareness, evolutionary restriction, life and the origin of quantum mechanics

We consider resemblances between humans and other species, without adopting categorical positions of either anthropomorphism or anti-anthropomorphism. Our target in doing so is to present a basis for the suggestion of a common ancestor for the similar or differing capabilities exhibited by different species. We propose that individual species exhibit a species-specific selection within what we describe as a universally available 'Basic Capacity to Interact with the Environment' (BCIE). We justify this proposition in terms of the ubiquitous presence at all organizational levels of the Universe of a primal awareness - a precursor of Nature. On disassembling natural organic systems - through neurons, biochemistry … down to quantum mechanics, we note that in its suggested position coupling input-to-output in quantum mechanical operations, primal awareness would be the precursor of quantum mechanics itself. We relate ubiquitous primal awareness to the ideas of David Bohm and Charles Peirce. We point out that genetic Evolution not only provides the basis for the implementation of many capabilities through our 'Basic Capacity to Interact with the Environment', but equally excludes numerous others. This then could explain why different species' Evolution fixes their available/unavailable capabilities. Quantum mechanical superposition/coherence/entanglement are related to our universal primal awareness, in its sense as a ubiquitous precursor. We point out that life is dependent on the classical simulation of quantum mechanics.

Consciousness: a unique way of processing information

In this article, I argue that consciousness is a unique way of processing information, in that: it produces information, rather than purely transmitting it; the information it produces is meaningful for us; the meaning it has is always individuated. This uniqueness allows us to process information on the basis of our personal needs and ever-changing interactions with the environment, and consequently to act autonomously. Three main basic cognitive processes contribute to realize this unique way of information processing: the self, attention and working memory. The self, which is primarily expressed via the central and peripheral nervous systems, maps our body, the environment, and our relations with the environment. It is the primary means by which the complexity inherent to our composite structure is reduced into the "single voice" of a unique individual. It provides a reference system that (albeit evolving) is sufficiently stable to define the variations that will be used as the raw material for the construction of conscious information. Attention allows for the selection of those variations in the state of the self that are most relevant in the given situation. Attention originates and is deployed from a single locus inside our body, which represents the center of the self, around which all our conscious experiences are organized. Whatever is focused by attention appears in our consciousness as possessing a spatial quality defined by this center and the direction toward which attention is focused. In addition, attention determines two other features of conscious experience: periodicity and phenomenal quality. Self and attention are necessary but not sufficient for conscious information to be produced. Complex forms of conscious experiences, such as the various modes of givenness of conscious experience and the stream of consciousness, need a working memory mechanism to assemble the basic pieces of information selected by attention.