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Iniesta A, Bajo MT, Rivera M, Paolieri D. Transfer effects from language processing to visual attention dynamics: The impact of orthographic transparency. Br J Psychol 2023; 114:86-111. [PMID: 36117407 PMCID: PMC10087185 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The consistency between letters and sounds varies across languages. These differences have been proposed to be associated with different reading mechanisms (lexical vs. phonological), processing grain sizes (coarse vs. fine) and attentional windows (whole words vs. individual letters). This study aimed to extend this idea to writing to dictation. For that purpose, we evaluated whether the use of different types of processing has a differential impact on local windowing attention: phonological (local) processing in a transparent language (Spanish) and lexical (global) processing of an opaque language (English). Spanish and English monolinguals (Experiment 1) and Spanish-English bilinguals (Experiment 2) performed a writing to dictation task followed by a global-local task. The first key performance showed a critical dissociation between languages: the response times (RTs) from the Spanish writing to dictation task was modulated by word length, whereas the RTs from the English writing to dictation task was modulated by word frequency and age of acquisition, as evidence that language transparency biases processing towards phonological or lexical strategies. In addition, after a Spanish task, participants more efficiently processed local information, which resulted in both the benefit of global congruent information and the reduced cost of incongruent global information. Additionally, the results showed that bilinguals adapt their attentional processing depending on the orthographic transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Iniesta
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Teresa Bajo
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Rivera
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniela Paolieri
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Leung CY, Mikami H, Yoshikawa L. Positive Psychology Broadens Readers' Attentional Scope During L2 Reading: Evidence From Eye Movements. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2245. [PMID: 31636588 PMCID: PMC6788394 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While positive psychology has drawn increasing interests among researchers in the second language (L2) acquisition literature recently, little is known with respect to the relationship between positive psychology and mental processes during L2 reading. To bridge the gap, the present study investigated whether and how positive psychology (self-efficacy) influences word reading strategies during L2 sentence reading. Based on previous studies, eye-movement patterns with first-fixation locations closer to the beginning of a word can be characterized as an attempt to process the word with a local strategy, whereas first-fixation locations farther away from the beginning and closer to the center of a word can be considered as an attempt to use a global strategy. Eye movements of a group of Japanese learners of English (N = 59) were monitored, and L2 reading self-efficacy was used to assess the participants' positive belief toward their L2 reading skills. Based on Fredrickson's (1998) broaden-and-build theory, we predicted an effect of L2 reading self-efficacy on participants' first-fixation locations. Results from mixed-effects regression showed that while reading strategies depended in part on other factors such as L2 reading proficiency and word properties, L2 self-efficacy influenced reading strategy. The present data suggest that while more self-efficacious L2 readers prefer a more efficient global strategy, attempting to read the word as a whole word, less self-efficacious L2 readers tend to employ a local strategy, focusing more on sublexical information. These findings lend support to the broaden-and-build theory in the context of L2 processing. The present study has implications for how positive psychology works along with L2 proficiency in the development of strategic selection during reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yui Leung
- Department of Economics, Nagoya Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mikami
- Department of English Language and Culture, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Lisa Yoshikawa
- Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan
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Cross-linguistic transfer in bilinguals reading in two alphabetic orthographies: The grain size accommodation hypothesis. Psychon Bull Rev 2018; 25:386-401. [PMID: 28405906 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-017-1273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Reading acquisition is one of the most complex and demanding learning processes faced by children in their first years of schooling. If reading acquisition is challenging in one language, how is it when reading is acquired simultaneously in two languages? What is the impact of bilingualism on the development of literacy? We review behavioral and neuroimaging evidence from alphabetic writing systems suggesting that early bilingualism modulates reading development. Particularly, we show that cross-linguistic variations and cross-linguistic transfer affect bilingual reading strategies as well as their cognitive underpinnings. We stress the fact that the impact of bilingualism on literacy acquisition depends on the specific combination of languages learned and does not manifest itself similarly across bilingual populations. We argue that these differences can be explained by variations due to orthographic depth in the grain sizes used to perform reading and reading-related tasks. Overall, we propose novel hypotheses to shed light on the behavioral and neural variability observed in reading skills among bilinguals.
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Rizzo JR, Hudson TE, Amorapanth PX, Dai W, Birkemeier J, Pasculli R, Conti K, Feinberg C, Verstraete J, Dempsey K, Selesnick I, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL, Rucker JC. The effect of linguistic background on rapid number naming: implications for native versus non-native English speakers on sideline-focused concussion assessments. Brain Inj 2018; 32:1690-1699. [PMID: 30182749 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1510543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if native English speakers (NES) perform differently compared to non-native English speakers (NNES) on a sideline-focused rapid number naming task. A secondary aim was to characterize objective differences in eye movement behaviour between cohorts. BACKGROUND The King-Devick (KD) test is a rapid number-naming task in which numbers are read from left-to-right. This performance measure adds vision-based assessment to sideline concussion testing. Reading strategies differ by language. Concussion may also impact language and attention. Both factors may affect test performance. METHODS Twenty-seven healthy NNES and healthy NES performed a computerized KD test under high-resolution video-oculography. NNES also performed a Bilingual Dominance Scale (BDS) questionnaire to weight linguistic preferences (i.e., reliance on non-English language(s)). RESULTS Inter-saccadic intervals were significantly longer in NNES (346.3 ± 78.3 ms vs. 286.1 ± 49.7 ms, p = 0.001), as were KD test times (54.4 ± 15.1 s vs. 43.8 ± 8.6 s, p = 0.002). Higher BDS scores, reflecting higher native language dominance, were associated with longer inter-saccadic intervals in NNES. CONCLUSION These findings have direct implications for the assessment of athlete performance on vision-based and other verbal sideline concussion tests; these results are particularly important given the international scope of sport. Pre-season baseline scores are essential to evaluation in the event of concussion, and performance of sideline tests in the athlete's native language should be considered to optimize both baseline and post-injury test accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Ross Rizzo
- a Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.,b Department of Neurology , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Todd E Hudson
- a Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.,b Department of Neurology , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Prin X Amorapanth
- a Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Weiwei Dai
- b Department of Neurology , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.,c Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering , NYU Tandon School of Engineering , New York , NY , USA
| | - Joel Birkemeier
- a Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Rosa Pasculli
- a Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Kyle Conti
- a Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Charles Feinberg
- a Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Jan Verstraete
- a Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Katie Dempsey
- b Department of Neurology , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Ivan Selesnick
- c Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering , NYU Tandon School of Engineering , New York , NY , USA
| | - Laura J Balcer
- b Department of Neurology , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.,d Department of Population Health , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.,e Department of Ophthalmology , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Steven L Galetta
- b Department of Neurology , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.,e Department of Ophthalmology , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Janet C Rucker
- b Department of Neurology , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.,e Department of Ophthalmology , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
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