1
|
Li Z, Wang J, Chen Y, Li Q, Yin S, Chen A. Attenuated conflict self-referential information facilitating conflict resolution. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2024; 9:47. [PMID: 39030204 PMCID: PMC11271533 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Self-referential information can reduce the congruency effect by acting as a signal to enhance cognitive control. However, it cannot be denied that self-referential information can attract and hold attention. To investigate this issue, the study used a revised Stroop task and recorded behavioral and electrophysiological data from thirty-three participants. We combined event-related potential (ERP) and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to examine the neural correlates of self-referential processing and conflict processing. In the behavioral results, self-referential information reduced the congruency effect. Specifically, self-reference stimuli elicited smaller N2 amplitude than non-self-reference stimuli, indicating that self-referential information was promptly identified and reduced top-down cognitive resource consumption. Self-referential information could be reliably decoded from ERP signals in the early-to-mid stage. Moreover, self-reference conditions exhibited earlier congruency decoding than non-self-reference conditions, facilitating conflict monitoring. In the late stage, under the incongruent condition, self-reference stimuli elicited smaller sustained potential amplitude than non-self-reference stimuli, indicating that cognitive control in the self-reference condition required fewer cognitive resources for conflict resolution. Together, these findings revealed that self-referential information was identified and facilitated conflict monitoring, leading to more effective conflict resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Li
- School of Psychology, Research Center for Exercise and Brain Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shouhang Yin
- School of Psychology, Research Center for Exercise and Brain Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Antao Chen
- School of Psychology, Research Center for Exercise and Brain Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun M, Xing W, Yu W, Slevc LR, Li W. ERP evidence for cross-domain prosodic priming from music to speech. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2024; 254:105439. [PMID: 38945108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2024.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Considerable work has investigated similarities between the processing of music and language, but it remains unclear whether typical, genuine music can influence speech processing via cross-domain priming. To investigate this, we measured ERPs to musical phrases and to syntactically ambiguous Chinese phrases that could be disambiguated by early or late prosodic boundaries. Musical primes also had either early or late prosodic boundaries and we asked participants to judge whether the prime and target have the same structure. Within musical phrases, prosodic boundaries elicited reduced N1 and enhanced P2 components (relative to the no-boundary condition) and musical phrases with late boundaries exhibited a closure positive shift (CPS) component. More importantly, primed target phrases elicited a smaller CPS compared to non-primed phrases, regardless of the type of ambiguous phrase. These results suggest that prosodic priming can occur across domains, supporting the existence of common neural processes in music and language processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjiang Sun
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Huanghe Road 850, Dalian 116029, China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Weijing Xing
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Huanghe Road 850, Dalian 116029, China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Huanghe Road 850, Dalian 116029, China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116029, China
| | - L Robert Slevc
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Weijun Li
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Huanghe Road 850, Dalian 116029, China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yuan Y, Guan L, Cao Y, Xu Y. The distinct effects of fearful and disgusting scenes on self-relevant face recognition. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38767464 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2024.2349764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Self-face recognition denotes the process by which a person can recognize their own face by distinguishing it from another's face. Although many research studies have explored the inhibition effect of negative information on self-relevant face processing, few researchers have examined whether negative scenes influence self-relevant face processing. Fearful and disgusting scenes are typical negative scenes, but little research to data has examined their discriminative effects on self-relevant face recognition. To investigate these issues, the current study explored the effect of negative scenes on self-relevant face recognition. In Study 1, 44 participants (20 men, 24 women) were asked to judge the orientation of a target face (self-face or friend-face) pictured in a negative or neutral scene, whereas 40 participants (19 men, 21 women) were asked to complete the same task in a fearful, disgusting, or neutral scene in Study 2. The results showed that negative scenes inhibited the speed of recognizing self-faces. Furthermore, the above effect of negative scenes on self-relevant face recognition occurred with fearful rather than disgusting scenes. Our findings suggest the distinct effects of fearful scenes and disgusting scenes on self-relevant face processing, which may be associated with the automatic attentional capture to negative scenes (especially fearful scenes) and the tendency to escape self-awareness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Brain Development, Northeast Normal University
| | - Lili Guan
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Brain Development, Northeast Normal University
| | - Yifei Cao
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sklenar AM, Pérez J, McCurdy MP, Frankenstein AN, Leshikar ED. Similarity to the self influences memory for social targets. Cogn Emot 2023; 37:595-616. [PMID: 36988437 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2185207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The construct of the self is important in the domain of memory research. Recent work has shown that person memory is influenced by similarity of social targets to the self. The current experiments investigate self-similarity as defined by traits and political ideology to better understand how memory for social targets is organised. Across three experiments, participants formed positive or negative impressions based on each target's picture, a trait-implying behavior (Experiments 1 & 2), and/or political ideology (conservative/liberal label in Experiment 2; political-ideological belief statements in Experiment 3) followed by a memory test. Results showed a self-similarity effect dependent on valence in Experiment 1, but not in Experiments 2 or 3 when participants processed ideological information associated with targets. These results suggest that self-similarity has an effect on memory for social targets, but that ideological information disrupts self-focused processing of others, suggesting that ideological information also has a powerful influence on what people remember about others (i.e. social targets).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Sklenar
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Pérez
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M P McCurdy
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A N Frankenstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E D Leshikar
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang X, Cong L, Hu W. Differences in cognitive processing between snakes and guns: Evidence from electroencephalography. Neurosci Lett 2023; 805:137225. [PMID: 37019271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to explore differences in cognitive processing of phylogenetic and ontogenetic stimulus using the electroencephalography (EEG) technology. The researcher chose snakes and guns as representatives of phylogenetic stimulus and ontogenetic stimulus, respectively, and used the Oddball paradigm to present the experimental stimuli and explore the cognitive processing differences between them through time-domain analysis and time-frequency analysis. The results of time-domain analysis showed that snakes elicited larger N1, P2, and P3 amplitudes and a shorter P3 latency than guns and neutral stimuli, and that guns elicited greater P2 and P3 amplitudes than neutral stimuli. The findings of time-frequency analysis showed that the beta-band (320 - 420 ms, 25 - 35 Hz) power elicited by snakes was significantly greater than by guns and neutral stimuli, and that the beta-band power elicited by guns was significantly greater than by neutral stimuli. The results indicated that the brain has a cognitive processing advantage for both snakes and guns, which is more obvious for snakes than for guns, and that the brain is more sensitive to snakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiai Wang
- Officers College of PAP, Chengdu, China; School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Cong
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wendong Hu
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Z, Zhang H, Sommer W, Yang X, Wei Z, Li W. Musical training alters neural processing of tones and vowels in classic Chinese poems. Brain Cogn 2023; 166:105952. [PMID: 36641937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.105952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Long-term rigorous musical training promotes various aspects of spoken language processing. However, it is unclear whether musical training provides an advantage in recognizing segmental and suprasegmental information of spoken language. We used vowel and tone violations in spoken unfamiliar seven-character quatrains and a rhyming judgment task to investigate the effects of musical training on tone and vowel processing by recording ERPs. Compared with non-musicians, musicians were more accurate and responded faster to incorrect than correct tones. Musicians showed larger P2 components in their ERPs than non-musicians during both tone and vowel processing, revealing increased focused attention on sounds. Both groups showed enhanced N400 and LPC for incorrect vowels (vs. correct vowels) but non-musicians showed an additional P2 effect for vowel violations. Moreover, both groups showed enhanced LPC for incorrect tones (vs. correct tones) but only non-musicians showed an additional N400 effect for tone violations. These results indicate that vowel/tone processing is less effortful for musicians (vs. non-musicians). Our study suggests that long-term musical training facilitates speech tone and vowel processing in a tonal language environment by increasing the attentional focus on speech and reducing demands for detecting incorrect vowels and integration costs for tone changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Zhang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116029, China; Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Werner Sommer
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Do digital experiences change the self-relevant process of digital natives? A view of tripartite self-construal. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03757-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
8
|
Clarkson TR, Cunningham SJ, Haslam C, Kritikos A. Is self always prioritised? Attenuating the ownership self-reference effect in memory. Conscious Cogn 2022; 106:103420. [PMID: 36274390 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The current study demonstrates the abolishment of the Ownership Self Reference Effect (OSRE) when elaborate details of a distant other-referent are provided. In a 2 (High versus Low information) × 2 (Self versus Other) experimental design, we tested the capacity for the SRE to be modulated with social saliency. Using a well-established ownership paradigm (Collard et al., 2020; Cunningham et al., 2008; Sparks et al., 2016), when the other was made socially salient (i.e. details and characteristics about the other were provided to the participant prior to encoding), no SRE emerged, such that self-owned and other-owned items were recalled with comparable accuracy. In contrast, when the other was not salient (i.e., no details about them were provided), participants accurately recalled a higher proportion of self-owned items, demonstrating a typical SRE in source memory. The degree of self- or other- referencing was not related to measured variables of closeness, similarity or shared traits with the other. Although the SRE is an established and robust effect, the findings of the current study illustrate critical circumstances in which the self is no longer prioritised above the other. In line with our predictions, we suggest that the self has automatic attributed social salience (e.g. through ownership) and that enhancing social salience by elaborating details of the other, prioritisation can expand to encapsulate an other beyond the self and influence incidental memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Clarkson
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - S J Cunningham
- School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, United Kingdom
| | - C Haslam
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Kritikos
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang X, Sun J, Yang J, Cheng S, Liu C, Hu W, Ma J. Mechanisms of False Alarm in Response to Fear Stimulus: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:730011. [PMID: 35153697 PMCID: PMC8831375 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.730011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective There is a paucity of research that has explored “False Alarm” mechanisms. In order to remedy this deficiency in knowledge, the present study used event-related potential (ERP) technology to reveal the mechanisms underlying False Alarm in response to fear stimuli. Methods This study selected snakes as experimental materials and the “oddball paradigm” was used to simulate the conditions of False Alarm. The mechanism underlying False Alarm was revealed by comparing cognitive processing similarities and differences between real snakes and toy snakes. Results Event-related potential findings demonstrated that there was no significant difference between N1 and P2 components induced by real and toy snakes in the early processing stage. Compared with toy snakes, real snakes induced smaller N2 amplitude, larger P3 amplitude, and a shorter P3 latency at the late processing stage. The results of brain topographic mapping analysis showed that the brain regions activated by a real or toy snake were basically the same within the time windows of 110–150 and 220–270 ms, respectively. In the time window of 300–360 and 400–500 ms, the degree of brain regions activation with a real snake was significantly greater than that induced by a toy snake. Conclusion False Alarm is caused by the brain’s inability to distinguish, in the early stage of cognitive processing, stimulus objects with similar appearances. When the brain is able to distinguish the differences between different stimulus objects in the late stage of cognitive processing, False Alarm disappears.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiai Wang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Officers College of PAP, Chengdu, China
| | - Jicheng Sun
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Research and Academic, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Fundamentals Department, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shan Cheng
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Cui Liu
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wendong Hu
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Wendong Hu,
| | - Jin Ma
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Jin Ma,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moseley RL, Liu CH, Gregory NJ, Smith P, Baron-Cohen S, Sui J. Levels of Self-representation and Their Sociocognitive Correlates in Late-Diagnosed Autistic Adults. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:3246-3259. [PMID: 34460052 PMCID: PMC9213305 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive representation of oneself is central to other sociocognitive processes, including relations with others. It is reflected in faster, more accurate processing of self-relevant information, a “self-prioritisation effect” (SPE) which is inconsistent across studies in autism. Across two tasks with autistic and non-autistic participants, we explored the SPE and its relationship to autistic traits, mentalizing ability and loneliness. A SPE was intact in both groups, but together the two tasks suggested a reduced tendency of late-diagnosed autistic participants to differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar others and greater ease disengaging from the self-concept. Correlations too revealed a complex picture, which we attempt to explore and disentangle with reference to the inconsistency across self-processing studies in autism, highlighting implications for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R L Moseley
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - C H Liu
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - N J Gregory
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - P Smith
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Sui
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yankouskaya A, Sui J. Self-Positivity or Self-Negativity as a Function of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020264. [PMID: 33669682 PMCID: PMC7922957 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self and emotions are key motivational factors of a person strivings for health and well-being. Understanding neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between these factors bear far-reaching implications for mental health disorders. Recent work indicates a substantial overlap between self-relevant and emotion information processing and has proposed the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) as one shared neural signature. However, the precise cognitive and neural mechanisms represented by the MPFC in investigations of self- and emotion-related processing are largely unknown. Here we examined whether the neural underpinnings of self-related processing in the MPFC link to positive or negative emotions. We collected fMRI data to test the distinct and shared neural circuits of self- and emotion-related processing while participants performed personal (self, friend, or stranger) and emotion (happy, sad, or neutral) associative matching tasks. By exploiting tight control over the factors that determine the effects of self-relevance and emotions (positive: Happy vs. neutral; negative: Sad vs. neutral), our univariate analysis revealed that the ventral part of the MPFC (vmPFC), which has established involvement in self-prioritisation effects, was not recruited in the negative emotion prioritisation effect. In contrast, there were no differences in brain activity between the effects of positive emotion- and self-prioritisation. These results were replicated by both region of interest (ROI)-based analysis in the vmPFC and the seed- to voxel functional connectivity analysis between the MPFC and the rest of the brain. The results suggest that the prioritisation effects for self and positive emotions are tightly linked together, and the MPFC plays a large role in discriminating between positive and negative emotions in relation to self-relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alla Yankouskaya
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Jie Sui
- The School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bi C, Oyserman D, Lin Y, Zhang J, Chu B, Yang H. Left behind, not alone: feeling, function and neurophysiological markers of self-expansion among left-behind children and not left-behind peers. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:467-478. [PMID: 32363398 PMCID: PMC7308663 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Four in 10 young rural Chinese children are ‘left behind’ by parents migrating for economic opportunities. Left-behind children do as well academically and imagine as many possible futures for themselves as their peers, implying that they must compensate in some ways for loss of everyday contact with their parents. Three studies test and find support for the prediction that compensation entails self-expansion to include a caregiving grandmother rather than one’s mother in self-concept, as is typical in Chinese culture. We measured self-expansion with feeling, function and neurophysiological variables. Twelve-year-old middle school left-behind children (Study 1, N = 66) and 20-year-old formerly left-behind children (now in college, Studies 2 and 3, N = 162) felt closer to their grandmothers and not as close to their mothers as their peers. Self-expansion had functional consequence (spontaneous depth-of-processing) and left a neurophysiological trace (event-related potential, Study 3). Left-behind participants had enhanced recall for information incidentally connected to grandmothers (Studies 1 and 3, not Study 2). Our results provide important insights into how left-behind children cope with the loss of parental presence: they include their grandmother in their sense of self. Future studies are needed to test downstream consequences for emotional and motivational resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongzeng Bi
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Daphna Oyserman
- Department of Psychology, SGM 803 3620 South McClintock Ave, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Psychology, SGM 803 3620 South McClintock Ave, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jiyuan Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Binghua Chu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pereira DR, Sampaio A, Pinheiro AP. Is internal source memory recognition modulated by emotional encoding contexts? PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:958-979. [PMID: 32060700 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of emotion on memory has been mainly examined by manipulating the emotional valence and/or arousal of critical items. Few studies probed how emotional information presented during the encoding of critical neutral items modulates memory recognition, particularly when considering source memory features. In this study, we specified the role of emotional encoding contexts in internal source memory performance (discrimination between encoding tasks) using a mixed (Experiment 1) and a blocked design (Experiment 2). During the study phase, participants were required to evaluate a set of neutral words, using either a self-referential or a semantic (common judgment) encoding strategy. Prior and concomitantly with each word, negative, neutral or positive pictures were presented in the background. The beneficial effect of self-referential encoding was observed for both item and internal source memory in both experiments. Remarkably, item and internal source memory recognition was not modulated by emotion, even though a secondary analysis indicated that the consistent exposure to negative (vs. positive) information led to worse source memory performance. These findings suggest that internal source memory of neutral items is not always affected by changing or repetitive emotional encoding contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana R Pereira
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana P Pinheiro
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. .,Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-013, Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Qian H, Wang Z, Li C, Gao X. Prioritised self-referential processing is modulated by emotional arousal. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2019; 73:688-697. [PMID: 31747826 DOI: 10.1177/1747021819892158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli related to the self are processed more efficiently in a variety of cognitive tasks. Recent studies have shown that this self-referential processing bias is modulated by emotion. However, a clear understanding of how emotional valence and arousal affect self-referential processing is still lacking. With a label-shape matching task, Experiment 1 measured a self-prioritisation effect in four different mood states. The results revealed stronger self-prioritisation effects in moods with higher arousal levels and a reliable correlation between the self-prioritisation effect and the arousal level reported by the participants; however, the effect of emotional valence was not statistically reliable. Experiment 2 further showed that alerting cues, known to raise arousal level, effectively increased the self-prioritisation effect in the same label-shape matching task. Experiment 3 clarified that alerting cues do not affect reward processing in a similar label-shape matching task, suggesting that arousal may selectively modulate self-referential processing. These observations provide clear evidence that emotional arousal modulates self-referential processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Qian
- School of Physics and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,SR Research Ltd., Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangping Gao
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pereira DR, Sampaio A, Pinheiro AP. Differential Effects of Valence and Encoding Strategy on Internal Source Memory and Judgments of Source: Exploring the Production and the Self-Reference Effect. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1326. [PMID: 31249542 PMCID: PMC6582403 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Item memory studies show that emotional stimuli are associated with improved memory performance compared to neutral ones. However, emotion-related effects on source memory are less consistent. The current study probed how emotional valence and specific encoding conditions influence internal source memory performance and judgments of source (JOSs). In two independent experiments, participants were required to read silently/aloud (Experiment 1) or to perform self-reference/common judgments (Experiment 2) on a list of negative/neutral/positive words. They also performed immediate JOSs ratings for each word. The study phase was followed by a test phase in which participants performed old-new judgments. In Experiment 1, the production effect was replicated for item memory, but the effects of valence on item and source memory were not significant. In Experiment 2, self-referential processing effects on item and source memory differed as a function of valence. In both experiments, JOSs ratings were sensitive to valence and encoding conditions, although they were not predictive of objective memory performance. These findings demonstrate that the effects of valence on internal source memory and JOSs are modulated by encoding strategy. Thus, the way information is encoded can shed light on how emotion might enhance, impair or exert no influence on source memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana R Pereira
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana P Pinheiro
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Voice, Affect, and Speech Neuroscience Lab, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bian J, Li L, Sun J, Deng J, Li Q, Zhang X, Yan L. The Influence of Self-Relevance and Cultural Values on Moral Orientation. Front Psychol 2019; 10:292. [PMID: 30873066 PMCID: PMC6403120 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moral orientation refers to moral values that have a consistent guiding orientation toward an individual's moral cognition and behavior. Gilligan (1982) proposed that individuals have two moral orientations, namely “justice” and “care.” In the current study, we investigated the influence of self-relevance and cultural values on justice and care by using Single Attribute Implicit Association Test (SA-IAT). In Experiments 1 and 2, we adopted cultural icon prime paradigm to examine the effects of different self-referential stimuli (self, friend, and stranger) on implicit moral justice and care orientation under two cultural value conditions: traditionality, modernity, and neutral cultural values. Participants exhibited more difference toward different self-referential stimuli in the traditionality condition than in the modernity condition; the priming of traditional culture aggravated the differential order, whereas the priming of modernity weakened the differential order regarding implicitly just moral orientation. In the implicit care orientation, participants in the modern culture group exhibited the least difference to different self-referential stimuli compared with the other two groups, and the traditional group and the control group did not differ significantly. These findings indicate that psychological modernity weakens the degree of self-related effect in implicit justice and care orientation, whereas traditional culture aggravates the differential order in justice orientation. The current studies provide empirical support for theories relating moral orientation, also informing the literature on the role of self-relevance information and cultural values in moral decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Bian
- Centre for Mental Health Education, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Liang Li
- Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Jie Deng
- Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianwei Li
- Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Liangshi Yan
- Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Department of Psychology, Centre for Research of Cultural Psychology and Behavior, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|