1
|
Ghandchi A, Golbabaei S, Borhani K. Effects of two different social exclusion paradigms on ambiguous facial emotion recognition. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:296-314. [PMID: 38678446 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2285862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Social exclusion is an emotionally painful experience that leads to various alterations in socio-emotional processing. The perceptual and emotional consequences that may arise from experiencing social exclusion can vary depending on the paradigm used to manipulate it. Exclusion paradigms can vary in terms of the severity and duration of the leading exclusion experience, thereby classifying it as either a short-term or long-term experience. The present study aimed to study the impact of exclusion on socio-emotional processing using different paradigms that caused experiencing short-term and imagining long-term exclusion. Ambiguous facial emotions were used as socio-emotional cues. In study 1, the Ostracism Online paradigm was used to manipulate short-term exclusion. In study 2, a new sample of participants imagined long-term exclusion through the future life alone paradigm. Participants of both studies then completed a facial emotion recognition task consisting of morphed ambiguous facial emotions. By means of Point of Subjective Equivalence analyses, our results indicate that the experience of short-term exclusion hinders recognising happy facial expressions. In contrast, imagining long-term exclusion causes difficulties in recognising sad facial expressions. These findings extend the current literature, suggesting that not all social exclusion paradigms affect socio-emotional processing similarly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Ghandchi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroosh Golbabaei
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khatereh Borhani
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Avitan A, Marom D, Henik A. Numerical values modulate size perception. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024; 86:1067-1074. [PMID: 38639857 PMCID: PMC11093849 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02875-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The link between various codes of magnitude and their interactions has been studied extensively for many years. In the current study, we examined how the physical and numerical magnitudes of digits are mapped into a combined mental representation. In two psychophysical experiments, participants reported the physically larger digit among two digits. In the identical condition, participants compared digits of an identical value (e.g., "2" and "2"); in the different condition, participants compared digits of distinct numerical values (i.e., "2" and "5"). As anticipated, participants overestimated the physical size of a numerically larger digit and underestimated the physical size of a numerically smaller digit. Our results extend the shared-representation account of physical and numerical magnitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Avitan
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Dror Marom
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Avishai Henik
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The Zelman Center for Brain Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guillin A, Chaby L, Vergilino-Perez D. He must be mad; she might be sad: perceptual and decisional aspects of emotion recognition in ambiguous faces. Cogn Emot 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37732611 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2258585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
While the recognition of ambiguous emotions is crucial for successful social interactions, previous work has shown that they are perceived differently depending on whether they are viewed on male or female faces. The present paper aims to shed light on this phenomenon by exploring two hypotheses: the confounded signal hypothesis, which posits the existence of perceptual overlaps between emotions and gendered morphotypes, and the social role hypothesis, according to which the observer's responses are biased by stereotypes. Participants were asked to categorise blended faces (i.e. artificial faces made ambiguous by mixing two emotions) in a forced-choice task. Six emotions were used to create each blend (neutral, surprise, sadness, fear, happiness, anger), for a total of 15 expressions. We then applied signal detection theory - considering both the morphotype of the stimuli and the participants' gender - to distinguish participants' perceptual processes from their response biases. The results showed a perceptual advantage for anger on male faces and for sadness on female faces. However, different strategies were deployed when labelling emotions on gendered morphotypes. In particular, a response bias towards angry male faces establishes their special status, as they resulted in both excellent detection and a tendency to be over-reported, especially by women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Guillin
- Vision Action Cognition, Université Paris Cité, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Laurence Chaby
- CNRS, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, ISIR, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, UFR de Psychologie, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lanfranco RC, Rabagliati H, Carmel D. The importance of awareness in face processing: A critical review of interocular suppression studies. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114116. [PMID: 36113728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Human faces convey essential information for understanding others' mental states and intentions. The importance of faces in social interaction has prompted suggestions that some relevant facial features such as configural information, emotional expression, and gaze direction may promote preferential access to awareness. This evidence has predominantly come from interocular suppression studies, with the most common method being the Breaking Continuous Flash Suppression (bCFS) procedure, which measures the time it takes different stimuli to overcome interocular suppression. However, the procedures employed in such studies suffer from multiple methodological limitations. For example, they are unable to disentangle detection from identification processes, their results may be confounded by participants' response bias and decision criteria, they typically use small stimulus sets, and some of their results attributed to detecting high-level facial features (e.g., emotional expression) may be confounded by differences in low-level visual features (e.g., contrast, spatial frequency). In this article, we review the evidence from the bCFS procedure on whether relevant facial features promote access to awareness, discuss the main limitations of this very popular method, and propose strategies to address these issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renzo C Lanfranco
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hugh Rabagliati
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Carmel
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shome D, Kumar V, Van Der Hulst RRWJ, Booi DI, Tandel H, Male SR, Kapoor R. Determinants of the influence and experiences of cosmetic and aesthetics profiling on interpersonal relationships among Indian patients. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:275-283. [PMID: 36437578 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The notion of facial beauty is a fast-expanding field in many different disciplines. The determinants and the nature of inter-personal relationships remain a controversial issue. Here, we tackle such questions proposing a novel experimental approach by analyzing first-hand experiences and quality of life among Indian patients, who underwent cosmetic procedures and the subsequent impact of these aesthetic treatments on interpersonal relationships. METHODS The data collection tool consisted of questions pertaining to the relations between the human face and facial image, relations between the race and facial image and interpersonal relationships and facial image. The tool consisted of 27 questions that were descriptive and closed ended without alternate choices. RESULTS The study gauged the perception of an ideal facial image among both genders also highlighting the multifaceted nature of a persons' beauty and how its perception is affected by peers, society, and race. CONCLUSION Though there was a gender-based difference found in the opinions on facial image, majority of the people experienced an ameliorated experience in their relationships with family and peers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debraj Shome
- Department of Facial Plastic Surgery & Facial Cosmetic Surgery, The Esthetic Clinics, Mumbai, India
| | - Vaibhav Kumar
- The Esthetic Clinics, Mumbai, India.,Faculty at Department of Public Health Dentistry, TPCT's Terna Dental College, Navi Mumbai, India
| | | | - Darren I Booi
- Maastricht University Medical Centre, Mooi Klinek, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Shiva Ram Male
- Optometry and Vision Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rinky Kapoor
- Department of Dermatology, Cosmetic Dermatology & Dermato-Surgery & Director, The Esthetic Clinics, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Göller PJ, Reicherts P, Lautenbacher S, Kunz M. How gender affects the decoding of facial expressions of pain. Scand J Pain 2022; 23:372-381. [PMID: 36220060 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2022-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gender has been suggested to play a critical role in how facial expressions of pain are perceived by others. With the present study we aim to further investigate how gender might impact the decoding of facial expressions of pain, (i) by varying both the gender of the observer as well as the gender of the expressor and (ii) by considering two different aspects of the decoding process, namely intensity decoding and pain recognition. METHODS In two online-studies, videos of facial expressions of pain as well as of anger and disgust displayed by male and female avatars were presented to male and female participants. In the first study, valence and arousal ratings were assessed (intensity decoding) and in the second study, participants provided intensity ratings for different affective states, that allowed for assessing intensity decoding as well as pain recognition. RESULTS The gender of the avatar significantly affected the intensity decoding of facial expressions of pain, with higher ratings (arousal, valence, pain intensity) for female compared to male avatars. In contrast, the gender of the observer had no significant impact on intensity decoding. With regard to pain recognition (differentiating pain from anger and disgust), neither the gender of the avatar, nor the gender of the observer had any affect. CONCLUSIONS Only the gender of the expressor seems to have a substantial impact on the decoding of facial expressions of pain, whereas the gender of the observer seems of less relevance. Reasons for the tendency to see more pain in female faces might be due to psychosocial factors (e.g., gender stereotypes) and require further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Göller
- Medical Psychology and Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Physiological Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Reicherts
- Medical Psychology and Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | | | - Miriam Kunz
- Medical Psychology and Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nudelman MF, Portugal LCL, Mocaiber I, David IA, Rodolpho BS, Pereira MG, de Oliveira L. Long-Term Influence of Incidental Emotions on the Emotional Judgment of Neutral Faces. Front Psychol 2022; 12:772916. [PMID: 35069355 PMCID: PMC8773088 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Evidence indicates that the processing of facial stimuli may be influenced by incidental factors, and these influences are particularly powerful when facial expressions are ambiguous, such as neutral faces. However, limited research investigated whether emotional contextual information presented in a preceding and unrelated experiment could be pervasively carried over to another experiment to modulate neutral face processing. Objective: The present study aims to investigate whether an emotional text presented in a first experiment could generate negative emotion toward neutral faces in a second experiment unrelated to the previous experiment. Methods: Ninety-nine students (all women) were randomly assigned to read and evaluate a negative text (negative context) or a neutral text (neutral text) in the first experiment. In the subsequent second experiment, the participants performed the following two tasks: (1) an attentional task in which neutral faces were presented as distractors and (2) a task involving the emotional judgment of neutral faces. Results: The results show that compared to the neutral context, in the negative context, the participants rated more faces as negative. No significant result was found in the attentional task. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that incidental emotional information available in a previous experiment can increase participants’ propensity to interpret neutral faces as more negative when emotional information is directly evaluated. Therefore, the present study adds important evidence to the literature suggesting that our behavior and actions are modulated by previous information in an incidental or low perceived way similar to what occurs in everyday life, thereby modulating our judgments and emotions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta F Nudelman
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behaviour, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Liana C L Portugal
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behaviour, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Biomedical Center, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Biology Institute, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Izabela Mocaiber
- Laboratory of Cognitive Psychophysiology, Department of Natural Sciences, Institute of Humanities and Health, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio das Ostras, Brazil
| | - Isabel A David
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behaviour, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Rodolpho
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behaviour, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Mirtes G Pereira
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behaviour, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behaviour, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Goetschalckx L, Andonian A, Wagemans J. Generative adversarial networks unlock new methods for cognitive science. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:788-801. [PMID: 34364792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Generative adversarial networks (GANs) enable computers to learn complex data distributions and sample from these distributions. When applied to the visual domain, this allows artificial, yet photorealistic images to be synthesized. Their success at this very challenging task triggered an explosion of research within the field of artificial intelligence (AI), yielding various new GAN findings and applications. After explaining the core principles behind GANs and reviewing recent GAN innovations, we illustrate how they can be applied to tackle thorny theoretical and methodological problems in cognitive science. We focus on how GANs can reveal hidden structure in internal representations and how they offer a valuable new compromise in the trade-off between experimental control and ecological validity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lore Goetschalckx
- Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Department of Cognitive Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Alex Andonian
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Johan Wagemans
- Department of Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Laamanen P, Kiuru N, Flykt M, Vänskä M, Hietanen JK, Peltola MJ, Kurkela E, Poikkeus P, Tiitinen A, Lindblom J. How do early family systems predict emotion recognition in middle childhood? SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Laamanen
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Noona Kiuru
- Department of Psychology University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Marjo Flykt
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology Tampere University Tampere Finland
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics Faculty of medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Mervi Vänskä
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Jari K. Hietanen
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Mikko J. Peltola
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Enni Kurkela
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Piia Poikkeus
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Helsinki University Central Hospital Hospital and University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Aila Tiitinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Helsinki University Central Hospital Hospital and University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Jallu Lindblom
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology Tampere University Tampere Finland
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Turku Turku Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Canales-Johnson A, Lanfranco RC, Morales JP, Martínez-Pernía D, Valdés J, Ezquerro-Nassar A, Rivera-Rei Á, Ibanez A, Chennu S, Bekinschtein TA, Huepe D, Noreika V. In your phase: neural phase synchronisation underlies visual imagery of faces. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2401. [PMID: 33504828 PMCID: PMC7840739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental imagery is the process through which we retrieve and recombine information from our memory to elicit the subjective impression of “seeing with the mind’s eye”. In the social domain, we imagine other individuals while recalling our encounters with them or modelling alternative social interactions in future. Many studies using imaging and neurophysiological techniques have shown several similarities in brain activity between visual imagery and visual perception, and have identified frontoparietal, occipital and temporal neural components of visual imagery. However, the neural connectivity between these regions during visual imagery of socially relevant stimuli has not been studied. Here we used electroencephalography to investigate neural connectivity and its dynamics between frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal electrodes during visual imagery of faces. We found that voluntary visual imagery of faces is associated with long-range phase synchronisation in the gamma frequency range between frontoparietal electrode pairs and between occipitoparietal electrode pairs. In contrast, no effect of imagery was observed in the connectivity between occipitotemporal electrode pairs. Gamma range synchronisation between occipitoparietal electrode pairs predicted subjective ratings of the contour definition of imagined faces. Furthermore, we found that visual imagery of faces is associated with an increase of short-range frontal synchronisation in the theta frequency range, which temporally preceded the long-range increase in the gamma synchronisation. We speculate that the local frontal synchrony in the theta frequency range might be associated with an effortful top-down mnemonic reactivation of faces. In contrast, the long-range connectivity in the gamma frequency range along the fronto-parieto-occipital axis might be related to the endogenous binding and subjective clarity of facial visual features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Canales-Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK. .,Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
| | - Renzo C Lanfranco
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Pablo Morales
- Facultad de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Joaquín Valdés
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Agustín Ibanez
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), Latin American Institute of Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago, Chile.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Cognitive Neurosience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA
| | - Srivas Chennu
- School of Computing, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David Huepe
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valdas Noreika
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.,Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Steephen JE, Kummetha S, Obbineni SC, Bapi RS. Mood-congruent biases in facial emotion perception and their gender dependence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 56:378-386. [PMID: 33015843 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Due to mood-congruency effects, we expect the emotion perceived on a face to be biased towards one's own mood. But the findings in the scant literature on such mood effects in normal healthy populations have not consistently and adequately supported this expectation. Employing effective mood manipulation techniques that ensured that the intended mood was sustained throughout the perception task, we explored mood-congruent intensity and recognition accuracy biases in emotion perception. Using realistic face stimuli with expressive cues of happiness and sadness, we demonstrated that happy, neutral and ambiguous expressions were perceived more positively in the positive than in the negative mood. The mood-congruency effect decreased with the degree of perceived negativity in the expression. Also, males were more affected by the mood-congruency effect in intensity perception than females. We suggest that the greater salience and better processing of negative stimuli and the superior cognitive ability of females in emotion perception are responsible for these observations. We found no evidence for mood-congruency effect in the recognition accuracy of emotions and suggest with supporting evidence that past reports of this effect may be attributed to response bias driven by mood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Eric Steephen
- Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management-Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sneha Kummetha
- Cognitive Science Lab, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Siva Charan Obbineni
- Centre for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Raju Surampudi Bapi
- Cognitive Science Lab, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barbato M, Almulla AA, Marotta A. The Effect of Trust on Gaze-Mediated Attentional Orienting. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1554. [PMID: 32765355 PMCID: PMC7381121 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed growing interest in the study of social cognition and its multiple facets, including trust. Interpersonal trust is generally understood as the belief that others are not likely to harm you. When meeting strangers, judgments of trustworthiness are mostly based on fast evaluation of facial appearance, unless information about past behavior is available. In the past decade, studies have tried to understand the complex relationship between trust and gaze-cueing of attention (GCA) (i.e., attentional orienting following another person’s gaze). This review will focus on the studies that used a gaze-cueing paradigm to explore this relationship. While the predictivity of the gaze-cue seems to consistently influence trustworthiness judgments, the impact of trust on gaze-cueing is less clear. Four studies found enhanced gaze-cueing effects with trustworthy faces; one found stronger effects of gaze-cueing with faces associated with undesirable behavior, but only when the observer’s personal evaluations were taken into account. Four studies did not observe an effect of trust on gaze-cueing. Overall, studies have highlighted the complexity of this relationship, suggesting that multiple factors (including age, gender, the characteristics of the observer, and whether or not a threat is perceived) are likely to intervene in the interplay between trust and gaze-triggered attentional orienting. After discussing results in the context of existing theories of gaze-cueing and trust, we conclude that further investigation is needed to better understand this relationship and the contribution of social factors to attentional shifts guided by gaze.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariapaola Barbato
- Cognition and Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aisha A Almulla
- Cognition and Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Andrea Marotta
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Physiology of Behaviour, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhu WL, Fang P, Xing HL, Ma Y, Yao ML. Not Only Top-Down: The Dual-Processing of Gender-Emotion Stereotypes. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1042. [PMID: 32528383 PMCID: PMC7264380 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Is gender-emotion stereotype a “one-hundred percent” top-down processing phenomenon, or are there additional contributions to cognitive processing from background clues when they are related to stereotypes? In the present study, we measured the gender-emotion stereotypes of 57 undergraduates with a face recall task and found that, regardless of whether the emotional expressions of distractors were congruent or incongruent with targets, people tended to misperceive the fearful faces of men as angry and the angry faces of women as fearful. In particular, there was a significantly larger effect in the distractor-incongruent condition. The revised process-dissociation procedure analysis confirmed that both automatic and controlled processing have their own independent effects on gender-emotion stereotypes. This finding supports a dual-processing perspective on stereotypes and contributes to future research in both theory and methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Lin Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Lin Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stereotypes and Structure in the Interaction between Facial Emotional Expression and Sex Characteristics. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-020-00141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
15
|
Trilla I, Weigand A, Dziobek I. Affective states influence emotion perception: evidence for emotional egocentricity. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:1005-1015. [PMID: 32206856 PMCID: PMC8049894 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Research in social cognition has shown that our own emotional experiences are an important source of information to understand what other people are feeling. The current study investigated whether individuals project their own affective states when reading other's emotional expressions. We used brief autobiographical recall and audiovisual stimuli to induce happy, neutral and sad transient states. After each emotion induction, participants made emotion judgments about ambiguous faces displaying a mixture of happiness and sadness. Using an adaptive psychophysics procedure, we estimated the tendency to perceive the faces as happy under each of the induced affective states. Results demonstrate the occurrence of egocentric projections, such that faces were more likely judged as happy when participants reported being happy as compared to when they were sad. Moreover, the degree of emotional egocentricity was associated with individual differences in perspective-taking, with smaller biases being observed in individuals with higher disposition to take the perspective of others. Our findings extend previous literature on emotional egocentricity by showing that self-projection occurs when we make emotion attributions based on the other's emotional expressions, and supports the notion that perspective-taking tendencies play a role in the ability to understand the other's affective states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Trilla
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anne Weigand
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabel Dziobek
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oldrati V, Bardoni A, Poggi G, Urgesi C. Influence of Attention Control on Implicit and Explicit Emotion Processing of Face and Body: Evidence From Flanker and Same-or-Different Paradigms. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2971. [PMID: 32038372 PMCID: PMC6985560 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many existing findings indicate that processing of emotional information is pre-attentive, largely immune from attentional control. Nevertheless, inconsistent evidence on the interference of emotional cues on cognitive processing suggests that this influence may be a highly conditional phenomenon. The aim of the present study was twofold: (1) to examine the modulation of attention control on emotion processing using facial expressions (2) explore the very same effect for emotional body expressions. In Experiment 1, participants performed a Flanker task in which they had to indicate either the emotion (happy/fearful) or the gender of the target stimulus while ignoring the distracting stimuli at the side. We found evidence for intrusion of the emotional dimension of a stimulus in both the emotion and gender discrimination performance, thus when either task-relevant or task-irrelevant. To further explore the influence of attention control mechanisms, in Experiment 2 participants performed a same-or-different judgment task in which they were asked to pay attention to both the central and lateral stimuli and indicated whether the central stimulus matched the lateral for emotion or gender. Results showed that emotional features exerted an influence at an implicit level (i.e., during gender judgments) for bodies only. Gender features did not affect emotional processing in either experiments. To rule out the possibility that this effect was driven by postural rather than emotional features of fearful vs. happy stimuli, a control experiment was conducted. In Experiment 3, bodies with an opening/up-ward or closing/down-ward posture but with no emotional valence were presented. Results revealed that the body posture did not influence gender discrimination. Findings suggest that the emotional valence of a face or body stimulus can overpass attention filtering mechanisms, independently from the level of attentional modulation (Experiment 1). However, broadening the focus of attention to include the lateral stimuli led emotional information to intrude on the main task, exerting an implicit, bottom–up influence on gender processing, only when conveyed by bodies (Experiment 2). Results point to different mechanisms for the implicit processing of face and body emotional expressions, with the latter likely having role on action preparation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viola Oldrati
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
- *Correspondence: Viola Oldrati,
| | | | - Geraldina Poggi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Cosimo Urgesi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Izen SC, Lapp HE, Harris DA, Hunter RG, Ciaramitaro VM. Seeing a Face in a Crowd of Emotional Voices: Changes in Perception and Cortisol in Response to Emotional Information across the Senses. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9080176. [PMID: 31349644 PMCID: PMC6721384 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9080176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One source of information we glean from everyday experience, which guides social interaction, is assessing the emotional state of others. Emotional state can be expressed through several modalities: body posture or movements, body odor, touch, facial expression, or the intonation in a voice. Much research has examined emotional processing within one sensory modality or the transfer of emotional processing from one modality to another. Yet, less is known regarding interactions across different modalities when perceiving emotions, despite our common experience of seeing emotion in a face while hearing the corresponding emotion in a voice. Our study examined if visual and auditory emotions of matched valence (congruent) conferred stronger perceptual and physiological effects compared to visual and auditory emotions of unmatched valence (incongruent). We quantified how exposure to emotional faces and/or voices altered perception using psychophysics and how it altered a physiological proxy for stress or arousal using salivary cortisol. While we found no significant advantage of congruent over incongruent emotions, we found that changes in cortisol were associated with perceptual changes. Following exposure to negative emotional content, larger decreases in cortisol, indicative of less stress, correlated with more positive perceptual after-effects, indicative of stronger biases to see neutral faces as happier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Izen
- Department of Psychology, Developmental and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Hannah E Lapp
- Department of Psychology, Developmental and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Daniel A Harris
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Richard G Hunter
- Department of Psychology, Developmental and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Vivian M Ciaramitaro
- Department of Psychology, Developmental and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Horovitz O, Lindenfeld I, Melamed M, Shechner T. Developmental effects of stimulus gender and the social context in which it appears on threat detection. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 36:452-466. [PMID: 29266313 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study used a hands-free eye-tracking visual search (VS) task to examine possible developmental differences in target detection. Thirty-two young adults and 27 youth were asked to detect a fearful face (male or female) among a crowd of either neutral or happy faces. Fearful male faces were detected faster than fearful female faces, but only by young adults and only when displayed among neutral faces. Additionally, young adults had shorter scanpath lengths prior to the target detection. Finally, a strong negative correlation emerged between age and detection speed for a male target in a neutral crowd. Using this age-matched VS task, the study found age differences in the way individuals detect a threat in a social-related contextual environment, pointing to subtle differences in the emotion-attention interplay during the course of development. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Visual search of threat detection is critical for survival, specifically regarding expressive faces. Visual search efficiency is affected by both stimulus-driven and higher goal-directed processes. Stimuli and contextual features affect threat speed detection. What does this study add? A novel task was designed to examine age-related differences in visual search. Specific stimuli gender and contextual features yielded age-related differences in threat detection. The study further demonstrates the subtle developmental differences in attention-emotion interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Horovitz
- Psychology Department and the Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Israel.,Psychology Department, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Irit Lindenfeld
- Psychology Department and the Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Maya Melamed
- Psychology Department and the Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Tomer Shechner
- Psychology Department and the Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|