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Liu J, Derrington E, Bénistant J, Corgnet B, Van der Henst JB, Tang Z, Qu C, Dreher JC. Cross-cultural study of kinship premium and social discounting of generosity. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1087979. [PMID: 36910816 PMCID: PMC10000291 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1087979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Social discounting predicts that one's concern for others decreases with increasing social distance. Cultural dimensions may influence this social behavior. Here, we used a dictator game, in which the participants and real members of their social entourage profited from the partition of the endowments determined by the participant, to compare how Chinese and French university students shared endowments with people at different social distances. We tested two hypotheses based on the concepts of kinship premium and cultural collectivism. Stronger ties between close family members were expected among Chinese. This may predict a larger "kinship premium," i.e., increased generosity to family members at close social distances, in Chinese relative to French participants. Similarly, because collectivism is thought to be stronger in Asian than western societies, greater generosity at larger social distances might also be expected among Chinese participants. The results showed that Chinese were more generous than French at close social distances but discounted more as social distance increased. This difference between French and Chinese was confined to family members and no significant difference in generosity was observed between French and Chinese for non-family members at any social distance. Our findings evidence a stronger kinship premium among Chinese than French students, and no significant effect of cultural collectivism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Neuroeconomics, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Lyon, France.,UFR Biosciences, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Edmund Derrington
- Laboratory of Neuroeconomics, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Lyon, France.,UFR Biosciences, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Bénistant
- Laboratory of Neuroeconomics, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Lyon, France.,UFR Biosciences, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Van der Henst
- Laboratory of Neuroeconomics, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Lyon, France.,UFR Biosciences, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Zixuan Tang
- Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Neuroeconomics, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Lyon, France.,UFR Biosciences, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Chen Qu
- Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Neuroeconomics, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Claude Dreher
- Laboratory of Neuroeconomics, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS, Lyon, France.,UFR Biosciences, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Schunk F, Wong N, Nakao G, Trommsdorff G. Different functions of emotion regulation in linking harmony seeking and rejection avoidance to life satisfaction and social support in Germany, Hong Kong, and Japan. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schunk
- Department of Psychology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Natalie Wong
- Department of Educational Psychology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Gen Nakao
- Department of Management Otemon Gakuin University Ibaraki Japan
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Hashimoto H. Cross-Generational Differences in Independence and Interdependence: Discrepancies Between Their Actual and Ideal Selves in the Japanese Cultural Context. Front Psychol 2021; 12:676526. [PMID: 34211425 PMCID: PMC8239137 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study examined cross-generational differences in both independent and interdependent self-construal. Two studies using samples from across Japan that included a wide age range demonstrated that, with increasing age, Japanese respondents scored higher on independence, which was measured by a self-expression scale, and lower on interdependence, as measured by a rejection avoidance scale. Furthermore, these cross-over effects were not observed with regard to participants' preferences (i.e., the ideal state of the self), but were only observed in their actual selves (i.e., the actual state of the self). These results suggest that the Japanese, especially younger generations, cannot help but behave in an interdependent way despite being eager to be independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Literature and Human Sciences, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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Schweda A, Margittai Z, Kalenscher T. Acute stress counteracts framing-induced generosity boosts in social discounting in young healthy men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 121:104860. [PMID: 32932203 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Most individuals are willing to forego resources for the benefit of others, but their willingness to do so typically declines as a function of social distance between the donor and recipient, a phenomenon termed social discounting. We recently showed that participants were more altruistic towards strangers when a costly generous choice was framed as preventing a monetary loss to the other rather than granting them a gain. Here, we asked if acute stress would diminish this frame effect on social discounting. To test this hypothesis, 102 male participants engaged in either the Maastricht Acute Stress Task, or a matched, non-stressful control procedure. They subsequently played a two-frame dictator game version of the social discounting paradigm. Whereas both frame conditions were economically equivalent, in the give frame, participants were asked how much money they would share with other persons on variable social distance levels, and in the take frame, they decided on how much money to take away from the others. While non-stressed control participants showed increased generosity toward strangers in the take compared to the give frame, similar to previous findings of our group, stress attenuated this frame effect on social discounting by reducing generosity toward strangers in the take frame. These findings confirm that stress can corrupt prosocial motives and social norm compliance, diminishing prosocial tendencies toward unfamiliar others.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schweda
- Comparative Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Z Margittai
- Comparative Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - T Kalenscher
- Comparative Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
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Stegall SE, Collette T, Kinjo T, Takahashi T, Romanowich P. Quantitative Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences in Social Discounting for Gains and Losses. Front Public Health 2019; 7:297. [PMID: 31696100 PMCID: PMC6817477 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Social discounting is when resource allocation decreases as social distance increases. Studies fitting different quantitative models to social discounting data have shown that a q-exponential function based on Tsallis' statistics best fits loss data, whereas a hyperbolic power function best fits gain data. However, a social discounting sign effect, where losses are discounted less than equivalent gains, has not been consistently found. This study fit four different quantitative social discounting models to gain and loss data for 40 United States (US) participants. We compared quantitative model fits to previous studies collected with Japanese and German participants to determine if (1) different quantitative social discounting models best fit loss and gain data, (2) US participants discounted less gains than Japanese participants, but not losses, and (3) US participants showed the sign effect. Results showed that the q-exponential function and the hyperbolic power function best fit median loss and gain data, respectively. There were no significant absolute differences between cultures for gains or losses, and US participants showed a robust sign effect. While most results for US participants were consistent with previous data, future cross-cultural social discounting studies are needed that manipulate sign as well as reward magnitude to determine best quantitative model fits. Social discounting results are also discussed in relation to their application to important health behaviors such as smoking and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Stegall
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Tyler Collette
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Takuji Kinjo
- Department of Behavioral Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taiki Takahashi
- Department of Behavioral Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Paul Romanowich
- Department of Psychology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, United States
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Tiokhin L, Hackman J, Munira S, Jesmin K, Hruschka D. Generalizability is not optional: insights from a cross-cultural study of social discounting. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181386. [PMID: 30891268 PMCID: PMC6408392 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Current scientific reforms focus more on solutions to the problem of reliability (e.g. direct replications) than generalizability. Here, we use a cross-cultural study of social discounting to illustrate the utility of a complementary focus on generalizability across diverse human populations. Social discounting is the tendency to sacrifice more for socially close individuals-a phenomenon replicated across countries and laboratories. Yet, when adapting a typical protocol to low-literacy, resource-scarce settings in Bangladesh and Indonesia, we find no independent effect of social distance on generosity, despite still documenting this effect among US participants. Several reliability and validity checks suggest that methodological issues alone cannot explain this finding. These results illustrate why we must complement replication efforts with investment in strong checks on generalizability. By failing to do so, we risk developing theories of human nature that reliably explain behaviour among only a thin slice of humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Tiokhin
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Human Technology Interaction Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, IPO 1.24, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Hackman
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shirajum Munira
- LAMB Project for Integrated Health and Development, Parbatipur 5250, Bangladesh
| | - Khaleda Jesmin
- LAMB Project for Integrated Health and Development, Parbatipur 5250, Bangladesh
| | - Daniel Hruschka
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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