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Gautam A, Singh P, Varghese V. Effects of Postactivation Potentiation enhacement on sprint and change-of-direction performance in athletes: A systematic review. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 39:243-250. [PMID: 38876634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training interventions like Resisted Sled Training, Complex Training, Plyometric training, and recently, Postactivation Potentiation Enhancement (PAPE) protocols are being employed by sportsmen for performance enhancement. Currently, there is no conclusive evidence on the effectiveness of the PAPE protocols and methods to integrate them into the training. The current systematic review aims to critically summarize the current evidence on PAPE protocols' effect on Sprint and Change of Direction (COD) performance in Athletes and study the influence of the Type of PAPE protocols, Recovery duration, Volumes, and loads of PAPE protocols. METHODS A systematic computerized literature search was performed from December 2020 to June 2022 on the databases: MEDLINE (assessed by PubMed), CENTRAL (Cochrane Library Central Register of Controlled Trials), PeDro, and Science direct. The major criteria for inclusion were Athletes (Population) who performed PAPE protocol as Intervention before Sprint and/or COD assessment tests. The studies were individually assessed for Risk of Bias using EPHPP (Effective Public Health Practice Project) Tool. RESULTS A total of sixteen studies were included. For Linear sprint, nine studies reported a significant PAPE effect whereas, six studies reported insignificant effects. Whereas, for COD performance, two studies reported insignificant results and one study reported significant CODS enhancements The recovery duration ranged from 15 s up to 16 min. CONCLUSION PAPE protocols can be incorporated provided the recovery duration is of Moderate duration (3-8mins) or Individualized durations, using multiple sets (2-6), moderate-high loads (>85% 1-RM), type of protocol is Barbell Hip Thrust, Plyometrics or Unilateral biomechanically similar exercises to Running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Gautam
- Indian Spinal Injuries Centre- Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, opp. Vasant Valley School, IAA Colony, Sector C, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, Delhi, 110070, India.
| | - Piyush Singh
- Indian Spinal Injuries Centre- Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences, opp. Vasant Valley School, IAA Colony, Sector C, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, Delhi, 110070, India.
| | - Vicky Varghese
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Computing, American International University, Kuwait.
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Santos da Silva V, Nakamura FY, Gantois P, Nogueira Gouveia JN, Peña J, Beato M, Abade E. Effects of Upper-Body and Lower-Body Conditioning Activities on Postactivation Performance Enhancement During Sprinting and Jumping Tasks in Female Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:342-349. [PMID: 37815258 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Santos da Silva, V, Nakamura, FY, Gantois, P, Nogueira Gouveia, JN, Peña, J, Beato, M, and Abade, E. Effects of upper-body and lower-body conditioning activities on postactivation performance enhancement during sprinting and jumping tasks in female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 342-349, 2024-This study aimed to investigate the postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) effects of "specific" (half-back squat) and "nonspecific" (bench press) conditioning activities on sprinting and jumping performances in female soccer players. Fourteen players (mean ± SD : age = 22.3 ± 4.0 years; body mass = 60.2 ± 7.8 kg; height = 164.1 ± 4.2 cm) competing at national level (first League) participated in this within-subject crossover study. The players performed a warm-up protocol including 3 sets of 3 repetitions of half-back-squat or bench press exercises at 90% 1RM or a warm-up protocol without lifting weights (i.e., control condition). Forty-meter shuttle sprints (20 + 20 m with change of direction [COD-180°]), countermovement jump (CMJ), and horizontal jump (HJ) performances were recorded 6 minutes after the conditioning activities protocols or the control condition. Nonsignificant large positive effects were found for the HJ after the half-back-squat (ES = 1.68; p > 0.05) and bench press (ES = 1.68; p > 0.05) protocols. Although nonsignificant, HJ changes ( Δ = 0.07 m) were greater than the smallest worthwhile change (0.02 m) and standard error of measurement (0.03 m) after both conditioning activities. Moreover, no significant changes were found for sprint and CMJ performance after neither half-back-squat nor bench press protocols ( p > 0.05). In conclusion, both specific and nonspecific conditioning activities using heavy loads (i.e., 90% 1RM) may be suitable to enhance individual HJ. Finally, both conditioning activities are potentially ineffective for increasing sprint and CMJ performance in the context of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Santos da Silva
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
| | - Petrus Gantois
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - João Nuno Nogueira Gouveia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Portugal
- Club Sport Marítimo, SAD, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Javier Peña
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom; and
| | - Eduardo Abade
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
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Silva-Neto ME, Oliveira SFM, V Oliveira JI, Gomes WS, Lira HAAS, Fortes LS. Acute Effects of Different Conditioning Activities on Amateur Soccer Players. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:882-888. [PMID: 37595616 DOI: 10.1055/a-2126-5972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Several warm-up activities are used to prepare soccer players for training and games. However, few studies have focused on comparing different activities (strength vs. stretching) in young and amateur athletes, especially for performance improvement in explosive actions. Thus, in order to compare the effect of four conditioning activities on jump and sprint performances, 12 soccer athletes (age: 19±0.8; weight (kg): 72.8±8.0; height (cm): 180±6.7) performed four warm-up activities: strength exercise (cluster system), combined exercise, plyometric exercise, and static stretching (control). The countermovement jump (CMJ) and 30-meter run (30-m Sprint) were performed 10 min after each experimental condition. A ONE-WAY ANOVA test of repeated measures was conducted with a Tukey's post-hoc test to compare the conditions. The strength conditioning activity protocol (33.68±2.87) showed a significant difference for the CMJ from static stretching (30.96±3.16) (p>0.05). There were significant differences regarding the 30-m Sprint test between strength conditioning (4.72±0.19) and combined activities (4.71±0.21) compared to static stretching (4.84±0.21) (p>0.05). In conclusion, the combined conditioning activity and strength protocols can be chosen in warm-up activities instead of static stretching (control condition) for improved immediate sprint and jump abilities in amateur soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel E Silva-Neto
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Saulo F M Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Willemax S Gomes
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Hugo A A S Lira
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S Fortes
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
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Bajolek K, Warne J. Electric Muscle Stimulation (EMS) Does Not Improve Anaerobic Performance Measures During a Repeated Wingate Test. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:725-731. [PMID: 35481945 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2052003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine differences between a control warm-up and an Electric Muscle Stimulation (EMS)-induced warm-up in off-road cyclists when examining anaerobic performance measures from a repeated Wingate test (WAnT). Methods: Twelve trained off-road cyclists completed a randomized crossover study (age: 31 ± 10 years, height: 176.79 ± 6.09 cm, body mass: 74.57 ± 4.77 kg). Participants completed two randomized, separate testing sessions involving a control warm-up and an EMS warm-up before undergoing the repeated WAnT, which was used to collect anaerobic performance and physiolo- gical measures during both sessions. High-frequency EMS was applied to the knee extensor muscles for 4 min after a standardized warm-up during the EMS session. Results: Analysis revealed that there were no significant differences between mean power output, peak power output, and percentage decrement between the two sessions. The EMS session resulted in significantly lower average HR values and significantly lower differences in pre-to-post-test blood lactate values when compared to the control session. Discussion: According to the results of this study, an acute application of EMS is not a useful tool for off-road cyclists to improve power output or maintain anaerobic capacity. Hence, its use before competition is questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe Warne
- Technological University Dublin - Tallaght Campus
- Setanta College, Thurles Enterprise Centre
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Abade E, Brito J, Gonçalves B, Saura L, Coutinho D, Sampaio J. Using Deadlifts as a Postactivation Performance Enhancement Strategy in Warm-ups in Football. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1821-1827. [PMID: 37078830 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Abade, E, Brito, J, Gonçalves, B, Saura, L, Coutinho, D, and Sampaio, J. Using deadlifts as a postactivation performance enhancement strategy in warm-ups in football. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1821-1827, 2023-Postactivation performance enhancement activities may be relevant warm-up strategies aiming to improve subsequent physical performance. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of adding barbell deadlift or hex-bar deadlift exercises to current warm-up routines on running and jumping performances in football players. Ten highly trained male football players participated in the study during the competitive phase of the season. All players performed 3 protocols in the same week: a standard warm-up that included players' regular routines and 2 other protocols with the addition of barbell or hex-bar deadlift, after the end of the warm-up (3 sets of 3 reps, progressing set by set from 60% to 85% repetition maximum). All protocols had the same time interval between pretest (immediately after the warm-up) and posttest (15 minutes after the warm-up). Vertical jumping (countermovement jump [CMJ]; Abalakov jump [AJ]) and running performances (505 test) were impaired 15 minutes after the standard warm-up (CMJ: -6.7 ± 4.2%; AJ: -8.1 ± 8.4%; and 505 time: 1.4 ± 2.5%). For warm-up with the addition of barbell deadlift, vertical jump increased by 4.3 ± 5.6% (Cohen's dunb : 0.23 [0.02-0.47]) and 505 time decreased by -5.9 ± 3.6% (Cohen's dunb : 0.97 [-1.68 to -0.43]). The warm-up with hex-bar deadlift led to trivial changes for CMJ and AJ, but 505 time decrease by -2.7 ± 2.6% (Cohen's dunb : -0.53 [-1.01 to -0.13]). The deadlift exercise can be added to warm-up routines to maintain or even enhance acute physical performance. However, coaches and practitioners should be aware that performance enhancements resultant from deadlift may vary according to individual physical profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Abade
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Department of Sport and Health, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal; and
| | - Luís Saura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Diogo Coutinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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Rumeau V, Grospretre S, Babault N. Post-Activation Performance Enhancement and Motor Imagery Are Efficient to Emphasize the Effects of a Standardized Warm-Up on Sprint-Running Performances. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11050108. [PMID: 37234064 DOI: 10.3390/sports11050108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Warm-up routines include various tasks focused on the peripheral contractile properties and nervous motor command. This present study was aimed at investigating the acute effects of different warm-up routines, emphasizing either peripheral (post-activation performance enhancement, PAPE) or central (motor imagery, MI) contributions on sport-specific tasks. Eleven young female athletes took part in this cross-over, randomized, controlled trial. They underwent three experimental sessions composed of a standardized warm-up followed by 10 min of (1) rest (CONTROL), (2) maximal concentric leg press (PAPE), or (3) mental repetitions of sprint tasks (MI). Post-tests consisted of reaction time, arrowhead agility test, 20 m sprint, repeated sprint ability, and NASA-TLX fatigue questionnaire. PAPE and MI significantly enhanced the arrowhead agility test (p < 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively) and repeated sprint ability (p = 0.002 and p = 0.035, respectively) compared to CONTROL, without any difference between PAPE and MI. The 20 m sprint time was better after PAPE as compared to MI (p = 0.005) and CONTROL (p < 0.001), without any difference between MI and CONTROL. Reaction time and the NASA-TLX questionnaire were not affected by the warm-up modalities (p > 0.05). PAPE was the most efficient to optimize warm-up due to its greater peripheral contribution that would improve muscle contractility. MI specifically improved the imagined tasks mostly by central contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Rumeau
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sidney Grospretre
- EA4660-C3S, Université de Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Babault
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Centre d'Expertise de la Performance, Université de Bourgogne, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Eken Ö, Mainer-Pardos E, Yagin FH, Eken I, Prieto-González P, Nobari H. Motoric performance variation from morning to evening: 80% intensity post-activation potentiation protocol impacts performance and its diurnal amplitude in basketball players. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1066026. [PMID: 36562062 PMCID: PMC9763594 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1066026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Post-activation potentiation (PAP) can be defined as the acute enhancement in muscle performance after preload stimulation that occurs during strength exercises or warm-up protocols, and the contractile history of any muscle group can directly influence the presented performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of motoric performance tests carried out at two different times of the day using three different PAP protocols. Methods Thirty-two male basketball players with at least 2 years of training experience and who competed at the national level were recruited for this study [age: 21.80 ± 1.91 years; body height: 178.40 ± 6.85 cm; body mass: 72.50 ± 7.16 kg; body mass index (BMI): 22.81 ± 2.28]. After control and experimental-specific warm-up (SWU) sessions, participants completed a countermovement jump (CMJ) and seated medicine ball throw (SMBT). The SWU protocol was developed based on the athlete's typical warm-up routine. The experimental warm-ups included the same exercises as the SWU, with one set of bench presses for five repetitions at 80% (80% PAP) and one repetition at 100% of 1 RM (100% PAP). Each of the protocols consists of 15 min. The SWU and experimental warm-up sessions were completed in a random, counterbalanced order, completed in a period of 3-weeks. Results According to the research findings, carrying out the protocols in the evening led to a larger improvement in SMBT than in the morning (F = 35.94, p < 0.001, η 2 p = 0.537). Additionally, the SMBT results were statistically more significant in the group that received 80% PAP compared to the SWU (p = 0.034), and the SMBT results were also higher in the group that received 100% PAP compared to the SWU (p = 0.002). Furthermore, the interaction effect (time × PAP) was statistically significant in SMBT (F = 6.39, p = 0.003, η 2 p = 0.17). Discussion These results may provide more particular recommendations than previously thought to basketball coaches for the planning of basketball-specific PAP exercises prior to the start of training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Eken
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Inönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | | | - Fatma Hilal Yagin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Inönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ismihan Eken
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Inönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Pablo Prieto-González
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain,Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, Braşov, Romania,*Correspondence: Hadi Nobari, ,
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Effects of Postactivation Performance Enhancement on the Vertical Jump in High-Level Volleyball Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2022; 82:145-153. [PMID: 36157004 PMCID: PMC9465719 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a training session with and without an intervention of postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) on countermovement jump (CMJ) height, perceived recovery status (PRS), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs), followed by a specific volleyball training session. The sample consisted of sixteen professional male volleyball players, with an average age of 26.8±6.1 years and average height of 195.9±6.7 cm, randomly divided into a group with PAPE intervention (GPAPE) (n=8), and a control group (CTRL) without PAPE intervention (n=8). The control group carried out the training session with plyometric exercises, and the GPAPE added conditioning protocols for PAPE to plyometric training, followed by a technical tactical volleyball session. At the end of the training session, there was an increase of 16.3% in the height of the CMJ in the GPAPE, while the CTRL showed a decrease of 5% in the height of the CMJ. PRS and RPE variables did not differ between the groups. It was concluded that PAPE had a positive effect on the height of the vertical jump after plyometric training, which was maintained until the end of the technical and tactical volleyball session.
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Krčmár M, Krčmárová B, Bakaľár I, Šimonek J. Acute Performance Enhancement Following Squats Combined With Elastic Bands on Short Sprint and Vertical Jump Height in Female Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:318-324. [PMID: 33337702 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Krčmár, M, Krčmárová, B, Bakaľár, I, and Šimonek, J. Acute performance enhancement after squats combined with elastic bands on short sprint and vertical jump height in female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 318-324, 2021-The main purpose of this study was to compare back squats with and without elastic bands on sprint and vertical jump height. Fourteen female athletes (21.9 ± 2.3 years; 177.5 ± 6.36 cm; 66.2 ± 6.2 kg; 1 repetition maximum [1RM]/ body mass: 1.96 ± 0.14) agreed to participate. On 4 separate days, athletes walked freely for 5 minutes (CON), performed 3 sets of 4 repetitions at 85% of their 1RM with 20% or 30% (BAND20 or BAND30) of the total resistance originated from elastic bands, or performed 3 sets and 4 repetitions at 85% of their 1RM with an isoinertial load (ISO) before performance tests. Posttesting began 5 and 10 minutes after the last set of squats and included sprints over 3, 5, and 10-m, squat jump (SJ), and countermovement (CMJ) vertical jump height. The results of this study show that all postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) protocols significantly improved 10-m sprint time (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01). Only BAND30 significantly improved 3-m and 5-m sprint times at both times of posttesting (p < 0.01). Comparison of PAPE protocols showed a significant difference when comparing BAND30 vs. ISO in SJ height in favor of BAND30 only when the best SJ height results from both posttesting times were selected (p < 0.01, g = 1.08). The results of this study suggest that all PAPE protocols were able to enhance short sprints and vertical jump height, but it seems that there is a greater trend to achieve better performance after performing the BAND30 protocol that can be seen by higher effect sizes achieved almost in all tests compared with the other PAPE protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matúš Krčmár
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia
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Thapa RK, Lum D, Moran J, Ramirez-Campillo R. Effects of Complex Training on Sprint, Jump, and Change of Direction Ability of Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 11:627869. [PMID: 33551937 PMCID: PMC7862112 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.627869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of complex training (CT) on sprint, jump, and change of direction (COD) ability among soccer players. After an electronic search, 10 peer-reviewed articles were considered in the meta-analysis. The athletes included in this meta-analysis were amateur to professional level male soccer players (age range, 14–23 years). These studies incorporated CT in soccer players who were compared to a control group. Significant moderate to large improvements were observed in the CT group [sprint: standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.92–1.91; jump: SMD = 0.96–1.58; COD: SMD = 0.97–1.49] when compared to control groups. Subgroup analysis were also conducted based on age, duration, and competitive level. The beneficial effects of CT were greater in players <18 vs. ≥18 years (linear sprinting; SMD = 2.01 vs. −0.13), after ≥8 vs. <8 weeks (jumping and COD; SMD = 1.55–2.01 vs. 0.31–0.64, respectively) and among professional vs. amateur players (linear sprinting and with COD; SMD = 1.53–1.58 vs. 0.08–0.63, respectively). In conclusion, regular soccer training programs may be supplemented with CT to improve sprint, jump, and COD performance. A longer duration of CT (≥8 weeks) seems to be optimal in improving the physical abilities of soccer players. Professional players and <18 years players may benefit more from CT program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit K Thapa
- Department of Sports Biomechanics, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, India
| | - Danny Lum
- Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport Rehabilitation and Exercises Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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Miyamoto T, Kizuka T, Ono S. Influence of preceding muscle activity on perceptually guided force production during superimposed ballistic contraction. Physiol Behav 2020; 222:112933. [PMID: 32376328 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Current study attempted to clarify whether preceding muscle activity influences the perceptually guided force production during superimposed ballistic contractions using isometric abduction of index finger. Subjects were verbally asked to produce ballistic force at requested percentages of their MVC with and without preceding muscle activity at 10% and 20%MVC. Our results showed that the ballistic force and EMG activity were increased significantly with preceding muscle activity at 20%MVC, but no change for 10%MVC. These results suggest that preceding muscle activity at sufficient intensity facilitates spinal motoneuron excitability, which could alter the relationship between the produced force and sense of effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kizuka
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Seiji Ono
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan.
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Fong DTP, Leung WC, Mok KM, Yung PSH. Delayed ankle muscle reaction time in female amateur footballers after the first 15 min of a simulated prolonged football protocol. J Exp Orthop 2020; 7:54. [PMID: 32712825 PMCID: PMC7382667 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-020-00275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ankle sprain injury rate is reported to be higher towards the end of a football match. Muscle fatigue may contribute to the delayed muscle reaction and subsequent injury. This study investigated the ankle muscle reaction time during a simulated, prolonged football protocol. METHODS Seven amateur female football players participated in a 105-min simulated, prolonged football protocol. An ankle muscle reaction test was conducted with a pair of ankle sprain simulators at a scheduled interval every 15-min. The reaction times of peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, and lateral gastrocnemius were collected using an electromyography system sampling at 1000 Hz. Repeated measures one-way multivariate analysis of variance with post-hoc paired t-tests were conducted to evaluate if the reaction time at each time point significantly differed from baseline. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 level. RESULTS Reaction times started from 40.5-47.7 ms at baseline and increased to 48.6-55.7 ms at the end. Reaction times significantly increased in all muscles after the first 15 min except for the dominant lateral gastrocnemius. Increased reaction times were seen in the non-dominant limb after 60 min for tibialis anterior, after 75 min for peroneus longus, and after 90 min for the lateral gastrocnemius. CONCLUSIONS Delayed reaction time of the ankle muscles were found after the first 15 min and in the final 45 min of a simulated prolonged football protocol. Strategies for injury prevention should also focus on tackling the delayed ankle muscle reaction time in the acute phase (the first 15 min), in addition to the latter minutes in the second half. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Controlled laboratory study, Level V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T P Fong
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Wing-Ching Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Sports Medicine Centre, Elite Training Science & Technology Division, Hong Kong Sports Institute, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam-Ming Mok
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Student Services Centre, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick S H Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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