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Puce L, Biz C, Ceylan HI, Bragazzi NL, Formica M, Trabelsi K, Szarpak Ł, Trompetto C, Rossin A, Lanciano NA, Ruggieri P. Adaptive Shooting Disciplines: A Scoping Review of the Literature with Bibliometric Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:463. [PMID: 38391838 PMCID: PMC10888416 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Para-archery and para-shooting, two very popular adaptive shooting disciplines that have earned their place as major official events in the Paralympic Games, share some similarities, as well as distinctive features in terms of rules, physiological requirements, and equipment used. The International Paralympic Committee has a clear responsibility to ensure that all sports within its jurisdiction, including adaptive shooting, can achieve excellence in their respective fields. To achieve this, the conduct of well-designed studies and rigorous research is essential. Although some research has been conducted in this area, a comprehensive and systematic evaluation is still needed. Therefore, the present study aims to provide a thorough review and synthesis of existing research on adaptive shooting disciplines, identify strengths and gaps, and suggest future directions. Arksey and O'Malley's methodology is leveraged and enhanced with bibliometric and policy analyses to review literature on adaptive shooting. Databases like PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, OvidSP, and EMBASE were searched, focusing on studies in adaptive shooting disciplines and analysing these findings through a blend of thematic and statistical methods. Twenty-four studies totalling 483 para-athletes (299 para-shooters and 184 para-archers) are included in this scoping review, focusing on a range of aspects, including physiological responses (n = 9), research design and measurement methods for evidence-based classification (n = 6), biopsychosocial aspects (n = 3), development of new methods and technologies (n = 4), kinematic and biomechanical assessment (n = 1), and epidemiology of injuries (n = 1). Seven articles focused exclusively on para-archery, thirteen exclusively on para-shooting, and four on both para-archery and para-shooting. In conclusion, the available literature on adaptive shooting disciplines is still very limited, especially regarding para-archery compared to para-shooting. This highlights the need for further research in many key areas to ensure a better understanding of the different disciplines and to provide appropriate support for para-athletes. Future research in para-archery and para-shooting should focus on technological innovations, biomechanical studies, and psychological support to enhance athlete performance and accessibility. Addressing the imbalance between the two disciplines, along with injury prevention and global participation, can drive the sports towards greater inclusivity and equity for para-athletes worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Biz
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25030, Turkey
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Matteo Formica
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l'Éducation Physique de Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Łukasz Szarpak
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, 02-676 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Research Outcomes, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, 03-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossin
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Antonio Lanciano
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Ruggieri
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Zenk F, Willmott AGB, Fortin-Guichard D, Austick K, Mann DL, Winckler C, Allen PM. Profile of Athletes With a Vision Impairment: Exploring Demographics and Ocular Pathologies of Athletes in Three Paralympic Sports. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2024; 103:172-180. [PMID: 37026871 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000002255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the profile of athletes with a vision impairment who compete in three Paralympic sports (goalball, vision impairment judo, and blind football). DESIGN Descriptive and association analyses of the vision impairment athletes' profile were conducted. RESULTS The typical athlete profile was a male (65.1%), aged 26-34 yrs (39.7%), from Europe (38.8%), representing a country with a high income (46.1%), and was diagnosed with a retinal-related ocular pathology (38.9%). In all three sports, the ages of the athletes were similar. In goalball, most athletes were from Europe, represented countries with a high income, and were diagnosed with retinal-, globe-, or neurological-related pathologies. In vision impairment judo, the majority of athletes were from Asia, represented countries with an upper middle income, and were diagnosed with retinal-, global-, or neurological-related pathologies. In blind football, most athletes were from Europe, represented countries with an upper middle income, and were diagnosed with retinal-, neurological-related ocular pathologies, or glaucoma. CONCLUSIONS The homogeneity of the athletes' profile suggests that an effort is needed to target other parts of the vision impairment population to take part in vision impairment sports. Differences in the athletes' profiles across the sports provide information that may be useful for sport-specific talent identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Zenk
- From the Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom (FZ, KA, PMA); Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom (AGBW); Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences and Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (DF-G, DLM); and Department of Human Movement Sciences, São Paulo Federal University, Santos, Brazil (CW)
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Runswick OR, Rawlinson A, Allen PM, Sharpe BT, Pocock C, Datson N, Birch P, Bruce R, Mann DL. The effects of simulated vision impairment on performance in football. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1410-1422. [PMID: 37877884 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2273093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Footballers with vision impairment (VI) are eligible to compete in the Para sport if they meet a minimum impairment criteria (MIC) based on measures of their visual acuity (VA) and/or visual field. Despite the requirements of the International Paralympic Committee Athlete Classification Code that each sport uses an evidence-based classification system, VI football continues to use a medical-based system that lacks evidence to demonstrate the relationship between impairment and performance in the sport. The aim of this study was to systematically simulate vision loss to establish the minimum level of impairment that would affect performance in futsal. Nineteen skilled sighted players completed tests of individual technical skill and anticipation performance under six levels of simulated blur that decreased both VA and contrast sensitivity (CS). VA needed to be reduced to a level of acuity that represents worse vision than that currently used for inclusion in VI football before meaningful decreases in performance were observed. CS did not have a clear effect on football performance. These findings produce the first evidence for the minimum impairment criteria in VI football and suggest a more severe degree of impairment may be required for the MIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Runswick
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Alexander Rawlinson
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
- Institute of Psychology, Business and Human Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Peter M Allen
- Vision and Eye Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin T Sharpe
- Institute of Psychology, Business and Human Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Chris Pocock
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Phil Birch
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Richard Bruce
- Centre for Applied Human and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - David L Mann
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences and Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (iBBA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Martin AM, Ryu D, Jackson RC, Mann DL. Expert Views on Evidence-Based Classification for Goalball: A Delphi Study. Adapt Phys Activ Q 2023; 40:257-279. [PMID: 36649723 DOI: 10.1123/apaq.2022-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Para sport classification aims to minimize the impact of impairments on the outcome of competition. The International Paralympic Committee requires classification systems to be evidence based and sport specific, yet the sport of goalball uses a structure that is not supported by evidence demonstrating its legitimacy for competition. This study aimed to establish expert opinions on how a sport-specific system of classification should be structured in the sport of goalball. Using a three-round Delphi survey, 30 international experts expressed their views across topics linked to goalball classification. Participants were divided as to whether the current system fulfills the aim to minimize the impact of impairment on competition. Most felt that less impairment should be required to compete but that the one-class structure should remain. Experts identified measures of visual function that should be considered and 15 core components of individual goalball performance. Findings constitute a crucial first step toward evidence-based classification in goalball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough,United Kingdom
| | - Donghyun Ryu
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough,United Kingdom
| | - Robin C Jackson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough,United Kingdom
| | - David L Mann
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, IPC Research and Development Center for the Classification of Athletes With Vision Impairment Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam,the Netherlands
- Movement Sciences and Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam,the Netherlands
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Fortin-Guichard D, Ravensbergen HJC, Krabben K, Allen PM, Mann DL. The Relationship Between Visual Function and Performance in Para Swimming. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:20. [PMID: 35122208 PMCID: PMC8816996 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paralympic swimmers with vision impairment (VI) currently compete in one of the three classes depending on their visual acuity (VA) and/or visual field. However, there is no evidence to suggest that a three-class system is the most legitimate approach for classification in swimming, or that the tests of VA and visual field are the most suitable. An evidence-based approach is required to establish the relationship between visual function and performance in the sport. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the relationship between visual function and performance in VI Para swimming. The swimming performance of 45 elite VI swimmers was evaluated during international competitions by measuring the total race time, start time, clean swim velocity, ability to swim in a straight line, turn time, and finish time. Visual function was measured using a test battery that included VA, contrast sensitivity, light sensitivity, depth perception, visual search, and motion perception. RESULTS Results revealed that VA was the best predictor of total race time (r = 0.40, p < 0.01), though the relationship was not linear. Decision tree analysis suggested that only two classes were necessary for legitimate competition in VI swimming, with a single cut-off between 2.6 and 3.5 logMAR. No further significant association remained between visual function and performance in either of the two resulting classes (all |rs|< 0.11 and ps > 0.54). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that legitimate competition in VI swimming requires one class for partially sighted and another for functionally blind athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fortin-Guichard
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences and Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H J C Ravensbergen
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences and Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Krabben
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences and Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M Allen
- Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - David L Mann
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences and Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Latham K, Mann DL, Dolan R, Myint J, Timmis MA, Ryu D, Frisson S, Allen PM. Do visual fields need to be considered in classification criteria within visually impaired shooting? J Sports Sci 2021; 39:150-158. [PMID: 33861160 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1911425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Classification within the sport of vision impairment (VI) shooting is based upon the athlete's visual function. This study aimed to determine whether more than one class of competition is needed within VI shooting on the basis of visual field loss. Qualification scores of 23 elite athletes were obtained at World Championship events in prone and standing shooting disciplines. Visual field data were obtained from classification data and from assessment at events. A standardized scoring protocol determined whether athletes had function (≥10 dB) or no function (<10 dB) at locations between 0-60 degrees eccentricity along 10 meridia. Visual field function was not associated with shooting performance in prone or standing disciplines (p > 0.05). Having measurable visual field function beyond 30 degrees made no difference to athletes' ability to shoot competitively in prone (p = 0.65) or standing disciplines (p = 0.47), although a potential impact on qualification was observed in the standing discipline. There was no evidence that loss of visual field function at any specific location adversely affected ability to shoot competitively. There is currently no evidence to consider visual fields in classification within prone or standing VI shooting, although further research is needed as the sport grows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keziah Latham
- Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Group, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.,Vision and Eye Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine, and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - David L Mann
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, IPC Research and Development Centre for the Classification of Athletes with Vision Impairment, Amsterdam Movement Sciences and Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Dolan
- Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Group, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joy Myint
- Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Matthew A Timmis
- Vision and Eye Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine, and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Donghyun Ryu
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Steven Frisson
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham UK
| | - Peter M Allen
- Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Group, School of Psychology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.,Vision and Eye Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine, and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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Runswick OR, Rawlinson A, Datson N, Allen PM. A valid and reliable test of technical skill for vision impaired football. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:89-97. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1885725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R. Runswick
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Peter M Allen
- Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, UK
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Allen PM, Mann DL, van der Linde I, Beukes EW. Perspectives of a new sport-specific Para Shooting classification system for athletes with vision impairment. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:198-208. [PMID: 33320060 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1851923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and individual sports federations have established the need to develop evidence-based systems of classification for athletes with vision impairment (VI) that may differ depending on the visual demands of each sport. As a consequence, research has been conducted that led to a new classification system for athletes competing in VI shooting. The purpose of this study was to canvas the experiences of key stakeholders (athletes, coaches and classifiers) when the new system of classification was implemented. Twenty-eight participants (17 athletes, 7 coaches and 4 classifiers) completed a questionnaire to rate their experiences of the previous and new classification systems and were interviewed to gain richer insights into their opinions. It was apparent that the changes to the classification system were not adequately communicated to the athletes in particular, and that the classifiers may require a better understanding of the principles of evidence-based classification. The new system was perceived to be significantly more specific for VI shooting and intentional misrepresentation was observed to be significantly less likely than when using the old system. This research provides valuable insights into both the positive and negative experiences of key stakeholders experiencing change in a classification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Allen
- School of Pyschology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.,Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, Anglia Rus kin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - David L Mann
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences and Insititute of Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ian van der Linde
- School of Computing and Information Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eldré W Beukes
- School of Pyschology and Sports Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas, USA
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