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Shi L, Sun S, Geng Y. Differential Eating Behavior Patterns among the Dark Triad. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127062. [PMID: 35742310 PMCID: PMC9222962 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is little extant empirical literature examining the associations between Dark Triad (DT: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) and eating behaviors. The current study (n = 361) investigated the associations between Dark Triad and restrained eating, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating in a sample drawn from the general population. The results from the study indicate that (a) despite expected sex differences in narcissism and primary psychopathy, no sex differences were found in Machiavellianism, secondary psychopathy, and eating behaviors; (b) among women, Machiavellianism was a protective factor against uncontrolled eating behaviors; (c) the sex of the participant moderated the narcissism–uncontrolled eating behaviors and narcissism–emotional eating behaviors relationships, with the negative correlation being stronger for men than that for women; (d) secondary psychopathy, rather than primary psychopathy, was associated with higher uncontrolled eating behaviors in both sexes, and associated with higher emotional eating behaviors for men only. The implication of these findings are interpreted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Shi
- Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (L.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Shijin Sun
- Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (L.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Yaoguo Geng
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence:
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Dzeverin V. Comments to the metanalysis on a vegetarian diet and depression scores. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:1386. [PMID: 34561108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ocklenburg S, Borawski J. Vegetarian diet and depression scores: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2021; 294:813-815. [PMID: 34375207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested an association between vegetarian diet and higher depression scores. However, some studies have also shown an effect in the opposite direction, indicating lower depression scores in vegetarians. Given this discrepancy in the literature, this meta-analysis was aimed to determine whether there is a significant association between vegetarian diet and depression scores across different published studies. METHODS A keyword search in major databases was conducted. Studies reporting depression scores in vegetarians and a non-vegetarian control group were included. Meta-analysis following a conditional random-effects procedure was conducted in R. RESULTS After duplicates were removed and studies were analyzed for inclusion criteria, k=13 studies with an overall n of 49889 participants (8057 vegetarians and 41832 non-vegetarian controls) were included in the analysis. Random-effects meta-analysis revealed a significant difference between vegetarians and non-vegetarians, with vegetarians showing higher depression scores than non-vegetarians. LIMITATIONS The heterogeneity between studies was high and geographical variation in study location was low, limiting cross-cultural insights. CONCLUSIONS Vegetarians show higher depression scores than non-vegetarians. However, due to high heterogeneity of published studies, more empirical research is needed before any final conclusions can be drawn. Also, empirical studies from a higher number of different countries would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ocklenburg
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jette Borawski
- Department of Psychology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Holler S, Cramer H, Liebscher D, Jeitler M, Schumann D, Murthy V, Michalsen A, Kessler CS. Differences Between Omnivores and Vegetarians in Personality Profiles, Values, and Empathy: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:579700. [PMID: 34690847 PMCID: PMC8530248 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.579700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous medical studies have documented vegetarian diets as having various health benefits. Studies have also compared vegetarians with other dietary groups from a socio-psychological perspective. The objective of this review is to investigate the differences between vegetarians and omnivores in terms of their personality profiles, values, and empathy skills. A search was conducted across three electronic databases. Non-randomized, observational, cross-sectional, and cohort studies were eligible. Outcomes provided information about the differences between the above-mentioned dietary groups regarding their personality profiles, values, and empathy skills. A shortened version of the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias for the included studies. Of the 2,513 different studies found, 25 (total number of participants n = 23,589) were ultimately included. These studies indicate that vegetarians significantly differ from omnivores in their personalities, values, and ability to be empathetic. Omnivorism is associated with an increased orientation toward social dominance, greater right-wing authoritarianism, and, in line with this, a stronger tendency to be prejudiced. Vegetarianism is associated with greater openness and empathy. The values of vegetarians are based more on universalism, hedonism, stimulation, and self-direction, whereas the values of omnivores are based more on the idea of power. To answer a narrowly defined and clear question, issues such as animal ethics, animal rights, and environmental protection are not considered in this review. The findings of this review, showing marked differences in personality correlating to the choice of diet and the increasing influence of plant-based diets on a global level, indicate that further studies about vegetarianism are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Holler
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Cramer
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Evang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniela Liebscher
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Jeitler
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal and Complementary Medicine, Immanuel Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dania Schumann
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vijayendra Murthy
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andreas Michalsen
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal and Complementary Medicine, Immanuel Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian S Kessler
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal and Complementary Medicine, Immanuel Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Schweren LJS, van Rooij D, Shi H, Larsson H, Arias-Vasquez A, Li L, Grimstvedt Kvalvik L, Haavik J, Buitelaar J, Hartman C. Diet, Physical Activity, and Disinhibition in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A UK Biobank Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:1607. [PMID: 34064914 PMCID: PMC8151887 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Disinhibition is a prominent feature of multiple psychiatric disorders, and has been associated with poor long-term somatic outcomes. Modifiable lifestyle factors including diet and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) may be associated with disinhibition, but their contributions have not previously been quantified among middle-aged/older adults. Here, among N = 157,354 UK Biobank participants aged 40-69, we extracted a single disinhibition principal component and four dietary components (prudent diet, elimination of wheat/dairy/eggs, meat consumption, full-cream dairy consumption). In addition, latent profile analysis assigned participants to one of five empirical dietary groups: prudent-moderate, unhealthy, restricted, meat-avoiding, low-fat dairy. Disinhibition was regressed on the four dietary components, the dietary grouping variable, and self-reported MVPA. In men and women, disinhibition was negatively associated with prudent diet, and positively associated with wheat/dairy/eggs elimination. In men, disinhibition was also associated with consumption of meat and full-cream dairy products. Comparing groups, disinhibition was lower in the prudent-moderate diet (reference) group compared to all other groups. Absolute βs ranged from 0.02-0.13, indicating very weak effects. Disinhibition was not associated with MVPA. In conclusion, disinhibition is associated with multiple features of diet among middle-aged/older adults. Our findings foster specific hypotheses (e.g., early malnutrition, elevated immune-response) to be tested in alternative study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizanne J. S. Schweren
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Donders Center for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, RadboudUMC, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.v.R.); (H.S.); (A.A.-V.); (J.B.)
| | - Huiqing Shi
- Donders Center for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, RadboudUMC, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.v.R.); (H.S.); (A.A.-V.); (J.B.)
| | - Henrik Larsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; (H.L.); (L.L.)
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vasquez
- Donders Center for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, RadboudUMC, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.v.R.); (H.S.); (A.A.-V.); (J.B.)
| | - Lin Li
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; (H.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Liv Grimstvedt Kvalvik
- Department of Biomedicine, Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway; (L.G.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway; (L.G.K.); (J.H.)
- Bergen Centre of Brain Plasticity, Haukeland University Hospital, NO-5012 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Donders Center for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, RadboudUMC, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.v.R.); (H.S.); (A.A.-V.); (J.B.)
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, RadboudUMC, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
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Montag C, Elhai JD, Davis KL. A comprehensive review of studies using the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales in the psychological and psychiatric sciences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:160-167. [PMID: 33609568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Jaak Panksepp's Affective Neuroscience Theory (ANT) belongs to the most prominent emotion theories in the psychological and psychiatric sciences. ANT proposes the existence of seven primary emotional systems deeply anchored in the mammalian brain. These emotional/motivational systems have been shaped by evolutionary processes and function as tools for survival in mammalian species. The systems are called SEEKING, LUST, CARE, and PLAY, as well as ANGER, FEAR, and SADNESS. Panksepp carved out these emotional systems via means of deep brain stimulation, brain lesion and pharmacological manipulation studies. Davis et al. (2003) designed the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) against the background of findings from ANT. This self-report inventory is meant to enable researchers to assess individual differences in primary emotional systems. Seventeen years have passed since the first version of the ANPS has been published. Therefore, we now provide a comprehensive overview on studies using the ANPS including work from personality science, psychiatry and the neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, BW, 89081, Germany.
| | - Jon D Elhai
- Department of Psychology, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States.
| | - Kenneth L Davis
- Pegasus International, Greensboro, NC, 27408, United States.
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