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Henry JD, Coundouris SP, Craik FIM, von Hippel C, Grainger SA. The cognitive tenacity of self-directed ageism. Trends Cogn Sci 2023:S1364-6613(23)00072-4. [PMID: 37147237 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ageism refers to prejudice or discrimination based on a person's age. When ageism is directed at older people, it is unique in two ways: it is socially condoned in a manner that other types of prejudice are not, and the animus is eventually self-directed. Of central interest here is why ageism becomes self-directed in late adulthood, despite its potentially harmful personal costs. We present a cognitive model in which negative ageist beliefs become increasingly accessible and difficult to eliminate owing to broader developmental shifts in mentation. Given that these effects are contingent on our social environment, systemic changes in societal conceptions of age and aging are needed if we are to reduce vulnerability to self-directed ageism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D Henry
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Sarah P Coundouris
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Courtney von Hippel
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sarah A Grainger
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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2
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Budson AE, Richman KA, Kensinger EA. Consciousness as a Memory System. Cogn Behav Neurol 2022; 35:263-297. [PMID: 36178498 PMCID: PMC9708083 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We suggest that there is confusion between why consciousness developed and what additional functions, through continued evolution, it has co-opted. Consider episodic memory. If we believe that episodic memory evolved solely to accurately represent past events, it seems like a terrible system-prone to forgetting and false memories. However, if we believe that episodic memory developed to flexibly and creatively combine and rearrange memories of prior events in order to plan for the future, then it is quite a good system. We argue that consciousness originally developed as part of the episodic memory system-quite likely the part needed to accomplish that flexible recombining of information. We posit further that consciousness was subsequently co-opted to produce other functions that are not directly relevant to memory per se, such as problem-solving, abstract thinking, and language. We suggest that this theory is compatible with many phenomena, such as the slow speed and the after-the-fact order of consciousness, that cannot be explained well by other theories. We believe that our theory may have profound implications for understanding intentional action and consciousness in general. Moreover, we suggest that episodic memory and its associated memory systems of sensory, working, and semantic memory as a whole ought to be considered together as the conscious memory system in that they, together, give rise to the phenomenon of consciousness. Lastly, we suggest that the cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that makes consciousness possible, and that every cortical region contributes to this conscious memory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E. Budson
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth A. Richman
- Center for Health Humanities, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts
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3
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Ceglarek A, Ochab JK, Cifre I, Fafrowicz M, Sikora-Wachowicz B, Lewandowska K, Bohaterewicz B, Marek T, Chialvo DR. Non-linear Functional Brain Co-activations in Short-Term Memory Distortion Tasks. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:778242. [PMID: 34924944 PMCID: PMC8678091 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.778242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent works shed light on the neural correlates of true and false recognition and the influence of time of day on cognitive performance. The current study aimed to investigate the modulation of the false memory formation by the time of day using a non-linear correlation analysis originally designed for fMRI resting-state data. Fifty-four young and healthy participants (32 females, mean age: 24.17 ± 3.56 y.o.) performed in MR scanner the modified Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm in short-term memory during one session in the morning and another in the evening. Subjects’ responses were modeled with a general linear model, which includes as a predictor the non-linear correlations of regional BOLD activity with the stimuli, separately for encoding and retrieval phases. The results show the dependence of the non-linear correlations measures with the time of day and the type of the probe. In addition, the results indicate differences in the correlations measures with hippocampal regions between positive and lure probes. Besides confirming previous results on the influence of time-of-day on cognitive performance, the study demonstrates the effectiveness of the non-linear correlation analysis method for the characterization of fMRI task paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ceglarek
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jeremi K Ochab
- M. Kac Complex Systems Research Center and M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ignacio Cifre
- Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències l'Educació i de l'Esport, Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magdalena Fafrowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Sikora-Wachowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Koryna Lewandowska
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bohaterewicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Marek
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dante R Chialvo
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences (CEMSC3), Instituto de Ciencias Físicas (ICIFI), Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Coane JH, McBride DM, Huff MJ, Chang K, Marsh EM, Smith KA. Manipulations of List Type in the DRM Paradigm: A Review of How Structural and Conceptual Similarity Affect False Memory. Front Psychol 2021; 12:668550. [PMID: 34135826 PMCID: PMC8200635 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.668550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of list-learning paradigms to explore false memory has revealed several critical findings about the contributions of similarity and relatedness in memory phenomena more broadly. Characterizing the nature of "similarity and relatedness" can inform researchers about factors contributing to memory distortions and about the underlying associative and semantic networks that support veridical memory. Similarity can be defined in terms of semantic properties (e.g., shared conceptual and taxonomic features), lexical/associative properties (e.g., shared connections in associative networks), or structural properties (e.g., shared orthographic or phonological features). By manipulating the type of list and its relationship to a non-studied critical item, we review the effects of these types of similarity on veridical and false memory. All forms of similarity reviewed here result in reliable error rates and the effects on veridical memory are variable. The results across a variety of paradigms and tests provide partial support for a number of theoretical explanations of false memory phenomena, but none of the theories readily account for all results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawn M McBride
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, United States
| | - Mark J Huff
- The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Kai Chang
- Colby College, Waterville, ME, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Marsh
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, United States
| | - Kendal A Smith
- The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
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5
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Ceglarek A, Hubalewska-Mazgaj M, Lewandowska K, Sikora-Wachowicz B, Marek T, Fafrowicz M. Time-of-day effects on objective and subjective short-term memory task performance. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1330-1343. [PMID: 34121547 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1929279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The time-of-day along with the synchrony effect (better performance at optimal times of the day according to the chronotype) on the cognitive performance has been well established in previous research. This influence is mediated by both circadian and homeostatic processes consistent with the Borbély two-process model. This experiment focused on the objective and subjective performance of the visual short-term memory task requiring holistic processing. Sixty-five young, healthy participants including 40 females were divided into morning and evening types and performed a given task in two sessions - in the morning and in the evening. Type division was made according to the chronotype questionnaire and polymorphism of the PER3 clock gene. The task was a modified version of Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm adjusted to study short-term memory, in which visual, abstract stimuli were used. The analysis was based on an exploratory approach investigating the influence of circadian and individual (sex) factors on execution of memory task. Evening types were more accurate in the task compared to morning types, regardless of the part of the day. The time-of-day effect was revealed on objective measures (reaction times for hits and false alarms) and subjective effort put into the performance. The reaction times were slower in the morning unlike the effort that was greater in the evening. The time-of-day × sex interaction was observed in the case of subjective effort: men described the task as more demanding in the evening. The results could be explained by differences in hemispheric dominance depending on the time-of-day. The report provides new patterns of behavioral data analysis, investigating sex aspects and use of self-assessment scales of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ceglarek
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Hubalewska-Mazgaj
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Koryna Lewandowska
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Sikora-Wachowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Marek
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Fafrowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Sikora-Wachowicz B, Keresztes A, Werkle-Bergner M, Lewandowska K, Marek T, Fafrowicz M. False recognitions in short-term memory - Age-differences in neural activity. Brain Cogn 2021; 151:105728. [PMID: 33882403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While the knowledge on age-related differences in susceptibility to episodic false memories is extensive, little is known about this phenomenon in visual short-term memory (STM). Our previous behavioural research indicated that older adults are more confident of their erroneous STM recognitions than young adults. However, unlike in episodic memory, we did not find support for older adults' higher rate of false alarms. To further understand this specific age-difference, here we investigated its neural correlates. First, the pattern of behavioural results replicated the one from our previous experiment. Second, younger adults, when compared to older adults, exhibited higher false recognition-related activity of the visual cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, the frontal operculum/insular cortex as well as regions within the anterior and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. No age-differences were observed in hippocampal activity. Third, younger but not older adults presented higher activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and the frontal operculum/insular cortex for false recognitions when compared to highly confident correct rejections. Finally, frontal activity was influenced by both the individuals' performance and their metacognitive abilities. The results suggest that age-related differences in confidence of STM false recognitions may arise from age-differences in performance monitoring and uncertainty processing rather than in hippocampal-mediated binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sikora-Wachowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - A Keresztes
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Education and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Kazinczy u. 23-27, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Werkle-Bergner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Lewandowska
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - T Marek
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Fafrowicz
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroergonomics, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza Street 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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