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Wei ZH, Li QY, Liang CJ, Liu HZ. Cognitive process underlying ultimatum game: An eye-tracking study from a dual-system perspective. Front Psychol 2022; 13:937366. [PMID: 36237663 PMCID: PMC9552838 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.937366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the dual-system theories, the decisions in an ultimatum game (UG) are governed by the automatic System 1 and the controlled System 2. The former drives the preference for fairness, whereas the latter drives the self-interest motive. However, the association between the contributions of the two systems in UG and the cognitive process needs more direct evidence. In the present study, we used the process dissociation procedure to estimate the contributions of the two systems and recorded participants eye movements to examine the cognitive processes underlying UG decisions. Results showed that the estimated contributions of the two systems are uncorrelated and that they demonstrate a dissociated pattern of associations with third variables, such as reaction time (RT) and mean fixation duration (MFD). Furthermore, the relative time advantage (RTA) and the transitions between the two payoffs can predict the final UG decisions. Our findings provide evidence for the independent contributions of preference for fairness (System 1) and self-interest maximizing (System 2) inclinations to UG and shed light on the underlying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Wei
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Li
- Department of Social Psychology, Zhou Enlai School of Government, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ci-Juan Liang
- Department of Social Psychology, Zhou Enlai School of Government, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Liu
- Department of Social Psychology, Zhou Enlai School of Government, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Laboratory of Behavioral Economics and Policy Simulation, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Hong-Zhi Liu
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