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Braschler L, Thuany M, de Lira CAB, Scheer V, Nikolaidis PT, Weiss K, Knechtle B. Personality of marathon runners: a narrative review of recent findings. EXCLI JOURNAL 2024; 23:441-474. [PMID: 38741728 PMCID: PMC11089128 DOI: 10.17179/excli2024-6907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Participation in marathons has dramatically increased over the last few years. Marathon running has many proven beneficial effects, especially on cardiovascular health and fitness. Most research has focused on physiologic and pathophysiologic adaptations in connection with endurance exercise. Nevertheless, marathon running also has a major impact on psychological aspects and positively influences mental health, which has only recently attracted research interest. The present narrative review aimed to review the personality traits of marathon runners with an emphasis on recent literature. Marathon runners show a distinct personality and highly characteristic personality traits needed to successfully finish such a demanding race, i.e., a strong sense of vigor, self-sufficiency, and intelligence as well as low scores in anger, fatigue, tension, and depression. Furthermore, personality differences are detectable between runners of different sexes, ages, and performance level groups. This has significant clinical implications for athletes, coaches and competition organizers, as these groups show different patterns of personality traits. Future studies should focus on changes in cognition and mood states pre-, during, and post-endurance events, as well as during training periods. Large-scale studies comparing personality differences by sex, age, and performance are also important for better clinical guidance. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mabliny Thuany
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil
| | - Volker Scheer
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | | | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Pereira HV, Palmeira AL, Encantado J, Marques MM, Santos I, Carraa EV, Teixeira PJ. Systematic Review of Psychological and Behavioral Correlates of Recreational Running. Front Psychol 2021; 12:624783. [PMID: 34025501 PMCID: PMC8139406 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.624783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this review was to systematically synthesize the published literature describing the psychological and behavioral correlates of recreational running in adults, defined as running for leisure, with or without a competitive component. Methods: Quantitative research published in peer-reviewed journals until January 2021 were included. Studies were identified through MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science and were included in this review if they (1) were aimed at recreational running, (2) included general adult samples (18 years or older, without a diagnosed medical condition or metabolic disorder), and (3) assessed psychological or behavioral correlates of recreational running. Results: Fifty-six articles reporting 58 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. There were 27 cross-sectional studies, 12 longitudinal studies, and 19 trials (8 non-controlled trials, 5 controlled trials, and 6 randomized controlled trials) (n = 37,501, 1877 years old, 43% women). Twenty-eight studies assessed antecedents of running behavior, and 25 studies used running behavior as treatment or predictor of a given effect or outcome. Four studies examined both predictors and outcomes of running. Thirty-one studies showed poor quality, while 20 had fair and 7 good quality. Motives were the most frequently studied antecedent of running behavior (k = 19), and results suggest that the highest-ranked or more prevalent motives were physical health, psychological motives, and personal achievement. Additionally, perceived control, attitude toward running, intention and subjective norms, self-efficacy, and social support may have also played a role in the adoption of recreational running. Moreover, improvements in mood (k = 10) and well-being (k = 10) were the most frequently reported positive outcomes of running. Reductions in depression, anxiety, and stress were also reported in included studies. Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review on this topic. The identification of behavioral and psychological correlates of recreational running across populations can contribute to inform and guide a public policy agenda, focused on helping people sustain regular physical activity, through a modality they have chosen and appear to enjoy. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=68954, identifier: CRD42017068954.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vieira Pereira
- Centro Interdisciplinar Para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Investigao em Desporto, Educao Fsica, Exerccio e Sade (CIDEFES), Faculdade de Educao Fsica e Desporto, Universidade Lusfona, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antnio Labisa Palmeira
- Centro Interdisciplinar Para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Investigao em Desporto, Educao Fsica, Exerccio e Sade (CIDEFES), Faculdade de Educao Fsica e Desporto, Universidade Lusfona, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Encantado
- Centro Interdisciplinar Para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion (APPsyCI), ISPA - Instituto Universitrio, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Moreira Marques
- ADAPT SFI Research Centre and Trinity Centre for Practice & Health Care Innovation, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ins Santos
- Centro Interdisciplinar Para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Laboratrio de Nutrio, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eliana Veiga Carraa
- Centro Interdisciplinar Para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro J Teixeira
- Centro Interdisciplinar Para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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