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Tsuji T, Nagata K, Tanaka M, Hasebe S, Yukita T, Uchida M, Suetsugu K, Hirota T, Ieiri I. Eye-tracking-based analysis of pharmacists' thought processes in the dispensing work: research related to the efficiency in dispensing based on right-brain thinking. J Pharm Health Care Sci 2024; 10:21. [PMID: 38730458 PMCID: PMC11084062 DOI: 10.1186/s40780-024-00341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists should be aware of their thought processes in dispensing work, including differences in the dispensing complexities owing to different drug positions in the left, center, and right areas. Dispensing errors associated with "same-name drugs (a pair of drugs with the same name but a different ingredient quantity)" are prevalent and often negatively affect patients. In this study, using five pairs of comparative models, the gaze movements of pharmacists in dispensing work were analyzed using an eye-tracking method to elucidate their thought processes. METHODS We prepared verification slides and displayed them on a prescription monitor and three drug rack monitors. The dispensing information (drug name, drug usage, location display, and total amount) was displayed on a prescription monitor. A total of 180 drugs including five target drugs were displayed on the three drug rack monitors. Total gaze points in the prescription area, those in the drug rack area, total vertical movements between the two areas, and time required to dispense drugs were measured as the four classifications Gaze 1, Gaze 2, Passage, and Time, respectively. First, we defined the two types of location displays as "numeral combination" and "color/symbol combination." Next, we defined two pairs of models A1-A2 (numerals) and B1-B2 (color/symbol) to compare differences between the left and right areas. Moreover, three pairs of models C1-C2 (left), D1-D2 (center), and E1-E2 (right) were established to compare differences between "numeral combination" and "color/symbol combination." RESULTS Significant differences in the complexities of dispensing work were observed in Gaze 2, Passage, and Time between the models A1-A2 (A1 B2), and in Gaze 2 and Time between the models C1-C2, D1-D2, and E1-E2 (C1>C2, D1>D2, and E1>E2, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Using the current dispensing rules, pharmacists are not good at dispensing drugs located in the right area. An effective measure for reducing the dispensing complexity is to introduce visual information in the prescription content; the utilization of the right brain facilitates reducing the complexity in the right dispensing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Tsuji
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kenichiro Nagata
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hasebe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Yukita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayako Uchida
- Department of Education and Research Center for Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Hirota
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Ieiri
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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Stefanova V, Scheepers C, Wilson P, Papageorgiou KA. Grandiose narcissism associates with higher cognitive performance under stress through more efficient attention distribution: An eye-tracking study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302644. [PMID: 38701068 PMCID: PMC11068195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Narcissism is a part of the Dark Triad that consists also of the traits of Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Two main types of narcissism exist: grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Being a Dark Triad trait, narcissism is typically associated with negative outcomes. However, recent research suggests that at least the grandiose type may be linked (directly or indirectly) to positive outcomes including lower levels of psychopathology, higher school grades in adolescents, deeper and more strategic learning in university students and higher cognitive performance in experimental settings. The current pre-registered, quasi-experimental study implemented eye-tracking to assess whether grandiose narcissism indirectly predicts cognitive performance through wider distribution of attention on the Raven's Progressive Matrices task. Fifty-four adults completed measures of the Dark Triad, self-esteem and psychopathology. Eight months to one year later, participants completed the Raven's, while their eye-movements were monitored during high stress conditions. When controlling for previous levels of psychopathology, grandiose narcissism predicted higher Raven's scores indirectly, through increased variability in the number of fixations across trials. These findings suggest that grandiose narcissism predicts higher cognitive performance, at least in experimental settings, and call for further research to understand the implications of this seemingly dark trait for performance across various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilena Stefanova
- College of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Scheepers
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wilson
- School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas A. Papageorgiou
- School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Neapolis University Pafos, Pafos, Cyprus
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3
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Koch NA, Voss P, Cisneros-Franco JM, Drouin-Picaro A, Tounkara F, Ducharme S, Guitton D, de Villers-Sidani É. Eye movement function captured via an electronic tablet informs on cognition and disease severity in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9082. [PMID: 38643273 PMCID: PMC11032372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Studying the oculomotor system provides a unique window to assess brain health and function in various clinical populations. Although the use of detailed oculomotor parameters in clinical research has been limited due to the scalability of the required equipment, the development of novel tablet-based technologies has created opportunities for fast, easy, cost-effective, and reliable eye tracking. Oculomotor measures captured via a mobile tablet-based technology have previously been shown to reliably discriminate between Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients and healthy controls. Here we further investigate the use of oculomotor measures from tablet-based eye-tracking to inform on various cognitive abilities and disease severity in PD patients. When combined using partial least square regression, the extracted oculomotor parameters can explain up to 71% of the variance in cognitive test scores (e.g. Trail Making Test). Moreover, using a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis we show that eye-tracking parameters can be used in a support vector classifier to discriminate between individuals with mild PD from those with moderate PD (based on UPDRS cut-off scores) with an accuracy of 90%. Taken together, our findings highlight the potential usefulness of mobile tablet-based technology to rapidly scale eye-tracking use and usefulness in both research and clinical settings by informing on disease stage and cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils A Koch
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Innodem Neurosciences, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrice Voss
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Rm 742, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Innodem Neurosciences, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J Miguel Cisneros-Franco
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Rm 742, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Fama Tounkara
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Rm 742, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Guitton
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Rm 742, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Étienne de Villers-Sidani
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Rm 742, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Innodem Neurosciences, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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4
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Wolf A, Ravienna K, Salobrar-Garcia E. Editorial: Early indicators of cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and related dementias captured by neurophysiological tools. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1393724. [PMID: 38655218 PMCID: PMC11036544 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1393724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wolf
- Cognitive Behavioral Assistive Technology (CBAT), Goal-Oriented Technology Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Karine Ravienna
- Vanaya NeuroLab Brain and Behavior Research Center, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Elena Salobrar-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Reijmerink IM, van der Laan MJ, Wietasch JKG, Hooft L, Cnossen F. Impact of fatigue in surgeons on performance and patient outcome: systematic review. Br J Surg 2024; 111:znad397. [PMID: 38097353 PMCID: PMC10771255 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znad397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While fatigue is an inevitable aspect of performing surgical procedures, lack of consensus remains on its effect on surgical performance. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of non-muscular fatigue on surgical outcome. METHODS MEDLINE and Embase were searched up to 17 January 2023. Studies on students, learning, duty-hour restrictions, muscle fatigue, non-surgical or subjective outcome, the weekend effect, or time of admission were excluded. Studies were categorized based on real-life or simulated surgery. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to assess RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess cohort studies. Due to heterogeneity among studies, data pooling was not feasible and study findings were synthesized narratively. RESULTS From the 7251 studies identified, 134 studies (including 1 684 073 cases) were selected for analysis (110 real-life studies and 24 simulator studies). Of the simulator studies, 46% (11 studies) reported a deterioration in surgical outcome when fatigue was present, using direct measures of fatigue. In contrast, only 35.5% (39 studies) of real-life studies showed a deterioration, observed in only 12.5% of all outcome measures, specifically involving aggregated surgical outcomes. CONCLUSION Almost half of simulator studies, along with one-third of real-life studies, consistently report negative effects of fatigue, highlighting a significant concern. The discrepancy between simulator/real-life studies may be explained by heightened motivation and effort investment in real-life studies. Currently, published fatigue and outcome measures, especially in real-life studies, are insufficient to fully define the impact of fatigue on surgical outcomes due to the absence of direct fatigue measures and crude, post-hoc outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris M Reijmerink
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J K Götz Wietasch
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lotty Hooft
- Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fokie Cnossen
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Bernoulli Institute of Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Calvo Córdoba A, García Cena CE, Montoliu C. Automatic Video-Oculography System for Detection of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy Using Machine Learning Tools. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8073. [PMID: 37836903 PMCID: PMC10575013 DOI: 10.3390/s23198073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an automatic gaze-tracker system to assist in the detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy by analyzing eye movements with machine learning tools. To record eye movements, we used video-oculography technology and developed automatic feature-extraction software as well as a machine learning algorithm to assist clinicians in the diagnosis. In order to validate the procedure, we selected a sample (n=47) of cirrhotic patients. Approximately half of them were diagnosed with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), a common neurological impairment in patients with liver disease. By using the actual gold standard, the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score battery, PHES, patients were classified into two groups: cirrhotic patients with MHE and those without MHE. Eye movement tests were carried out on all participants. Using classical statistical concepts, we analyzed the significance of 150 eye movement features, and the most relevant (p-values ≤ 0.05) were selected for training machine learning algorithms. To summarize, while the PHES battery is a time-consuming exploration (between 25-40 min per patient), requiring expert training and not amenable to longitudinal analysis, the automatic video oculography is a simple test that takes between 7 and 10 min per patient and has a sensitivity and a specificity of 93%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Calvo Córdoba
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Center for Automation and Robotics, UPM-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal St., 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia E. García Cena
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial, Center for Automation and Robotics, UPM-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ronda de Valencia, 3, 28012 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carmina Montoliu
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Clínico de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Wolf A, Tripanpitak K, Umeda S, Otake-Matsuura M. Eye-tracking paradigms for the assessment of mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1197567. [PMID: 37546488 PMCID: PMC10399700 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1197567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), representing the 'transitional zone' between normal cognition and dementia, has become a novel topic in clinical research. Although early detection is crucial, it remains logistically challenging at the same time. While traditional pen-and-paper tests require in-depth training to ensure standardized administration and accurate interpretation of findings, significant technological advancements are leading to the development of procedures for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and facilitating the diagnostic process. Some of the diagnostic protocols, however, show significant limitations that hamper their widespread adoption. Concerns about the social and economic implications of the increasing incidence of AD underline the need for reliable, non-invasive, cost-effective, and timely cognitive scoring methodologies. For instance, modern clinical studies report significant oculomotor impairments among patients with MCI, who perform poorly in visual paired-comparison tasks by ascribing less attentional resources to novel stimuli. To accelerate the Global Action Plan on the Public Health Response to Dementia 2017-2025, this work provides an overview of research on saccadic and exploratory eye-movement deficits among older adults with MCI. The review protocol was drafted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Electronic databases were systematically searched to identify peer-reviewed articles published between 2017 and 2022 that examined visual processing in older adults with MCI and reported gaze parameters as potential biomarkers. Moreover, following the contemporary trend for remote healthcare technologies, we reviewed studies that implemented non-commercial eye-tracking instrumentation in order to detect information processing impairments among the MCI population. Based on the gathered literature, eye-tracking-based paradigms may ameliorate the screening limitations of traditional cognitive assessments and contribute to early AD detection. However, in order to translate the findings pertaining to abnormal gaze behavior into clinical applications, it is imperative to conduct longitudinal investigations in both laboratory-based and ecologically valid settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wolf
- Cognitive Behavioral Assistive Technology (CBAT), Goal-Oriented Technology Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kornkanok Tripanpitak
- Cognitive Behavioral Assistive Technology (CBAT), Goal-Oriented Technology Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Umeda
- Department of Psychology, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mihoko Otake-Matsuura
- Cognitive Behavioral Assistive Technology (CBAT), Goal-Oriented Technology Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Pearce AJ, Daly E, Ryan L, King D. Reliability of a Smooth Pursuit Eye-Tracking System (EyeGuide Focus) in Healthy Adolescents and Adults. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:83. [PMID: 37367247 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common brain injury, seen in sports, fall, vehicle, or workplace injuries. Concussion is the most common type of mTBI. Assessment of impairments from concussion is evolving, with oculomotor testing suggested as a key component in a multimodality diagnostic protocol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of one eye-tracking system, the EyeGuide Focus. A group of 75 healthy adolescent and adult participants (adolescents: n = 28; female = 11, male = 17, mean age 16.5 ± 1.4 years; adults n = 47; female = 22; male = 25, mean age 26.7 ± 7.0 years) completed three repetitions of the EyeGuide Focus within one session. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis showed the EyeGuide Focus had overall good reliability (ICC 0.79, 95%CI: 0.70, 0.86). However, a familiarization effect showing improvements in subsequent trials 2 (9.7%) and 3 (8.1%) was noticeable in both cohorts (p < 0.001) with adolescent participants showing greater familiarization effects than adults (21.7% vs. 13.1%). No differences were observed between sexes (p = 0.69). Overall, this is the first study to address the concern regarding a lack of published reliability studies for the EyeGuide Focus. Results showed good reliability, suggesting that oculomotor pursuits should be part of a multimodality assessment protocol, but the observation of familiarization effects suggests that smooth-pursuit testing using this device has the potential to provide a biologically-based interpretation of the maturation of the oculomotor system, as well as its relationship to multiple brain regions in both health and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Pearce
- College of Sport Health Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Ed Daly
- School of Science & Computing, Atlantic Technological University, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland
| | - Lisa Ryan
- School of Science & Computing, Atlantic Technological University, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland
| | - Doug King
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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Polden M, Crawford TJ. Eye Movement Latency Coefficient of Variation as a Predictor of Cognitive Impairment: An Eye Tracking Study of Cognitive Impairment. Vision (Basel) 2023; 7:vision7020038. [PMID: 37218956 DOI: 10.3390/vision7020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies demonstrated impairment in the control of saccadic eye movements in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) when conducting the pro-saccade and antisaccade tasks. Research showed that changes in the pro and antisaccade latencies may be particularly sensitive to dementia and general executive functioning. These tasks show potential for diagnostic use, as they provide a rich set of potential eye tracking markers. One such marker, the coefficient of variation (CV), is so far overlooked. For biological markers to be reliable, they must be able to detect abnormalities in preclinical stages. MCI is often viewed as a predecessor to AD, with certain classifications of MCI more likely than others to progress to AD. The current study examined the potential of CV scores on pro and antisaccade tasks to distinguish participants with AD, amnestic MCI (aMCI), non-amnesiac MCI (naMCI), and older controls. The analyses revealed no significant differences in CV scores across the groups using the pro or antisaccade task. Antisaccade mean latencies were able to distinguish participants with AD and the MCI subgroups. Future research is needed on CV measures and attentional fluctuations in AD and MCI individuals to fully assess this measure's potential to robustly distinguish clinical groups with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Polden
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5TR, UK
- Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
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10
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Cheng KY, Rehani M, Hebert JS. A scoping review of eye tracking metrics used to assess visuomotor behaviours of upper limb prosthesis users. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2023; 20:49. [PMID: 37095489 PMCID: PMC10127019 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced upper limb prostheses aim to restore coordinated hand and arm function. However, this objective can be difficult to quantify as coordinated movements require an intact visuomotor system. Eye tracking has recently been applied to study the visuomotor behaviours of upper limb prosthesis users by enabling the calculation of eye movement metrics. This scoping review aims to characterize the visuomotor behaviours of upper limb prosthesis users as described by eye tracking metrics, to summarize the eye tracking metrics used to describe prosthetic behaviour, and to identify gaps in the literature and potential areas for future research. A review of the literature was performed to identify articles that reported eye tracking metrics to evaluate the visual behaviours of individuals using an upper limb prosthesis. Data on the level of amputation, type of prosthetic device, type of eye tracker, primary eye metrics, secondary outcome metrics, experimental task, aims, and key findings were extracted. Seventeen studies were included in this scoping review. A consistently reported finding is that prosthesis users have a characteristic visuomotor behaviour that differs from that of individuals with intact arm function. Visual attention has been reported to be directed more towards the hand and less towards the target during object manipulation tasks. A gaze switching strategy and delay to disengage gaze from the current target has also been reported. Differences in the type of prosthetic device and experimental task have revealed some distinct gaze behaviours. Control factors have been shown to be related to gaze behaviour, while sensory feedback and training interventions have been demonstrated to reduce the visual attention associated with prosthesis use. Eye tracking metrics have also been used to assess the cognitive load and sense of agency of prosthesis users. Overall, there is evidence that eye tracking is an effective tool to quantitatively assess the visuomotor behaviour of prosthesis users and the recorded eye metrics are sensitive to change in response to various factors. Additional studies are needed to validate the eye metrics used to assess cognitive load and sense of agency in upper limb prosthesis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodi Y Cheng
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mayank Rehani
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jacqueline S Hebert
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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11
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Clear Aligners and Smart Eye Tracking Technology as a New Communication Strategy between Ethical and Legal Issues. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020297. [PMID: 36836654 PMCID: PMC9967915 DOI: 10.3390/life13020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart eye-tracking technology (SEET) that determines visual attention using smartphones can be used to determine the aesthetic perception of different types of clear aligners. Its value as a communication and comprehension tool, in addition to the ethical and legal concerns which it entails, can be assessed. One hundred subjects (50 F, 50 M; age range 15-70) were equally distributed in non-orthodontic (A) and orthodontic (B) groups. A smartphone-based SEET app assessed their knowledge of and opinions on aligners. Subjects evaluated images of smiles not wearing aligners, with/without attachments and with straight/scalloped gingival margins, as a guided calibration step which formed the image control group. Subsequently, the subjects rated the same smiles, this time wearing aligners (experimental images group). Questionnaire data and average values for each group of patients, and images relating to fixation times and overall star scores, were analyzed using these tests: chi-square, t-test, Mann-Whitney U, Spearman's rho, and Wilcoxon (p < 0.05). One-way ANOVA and related post-hoc tests were also applied. Orthodontic patients were found to be better informed than non-orthodontic patients. Aesthetic perception could be swayed by several factors. Attachments scored lower in aesthetic evaluation. Lips distracted attention from attachments and improved evaluations. Attachment-free aligners were better rated overall. A more thorough understanding as to the opinions, expectations and aesthetic perception of aligners can improve communication with patients. Mobile SEET is remarkably promising, although it does require a careful medicolegal risk-benefit assessments for responsible and professional use.
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Tsuji T, Nagata K, Sasaki K, Matsukane R, Ishida S, Kawashiri T, Suetsugu K, Watanabe H, Hirota T, Ieiri I. Analysis of the thinking process of pharmacists in response to changes in the dispensing environment using the eye-tracking method. J Pharm Health Care Sci 2022; 8:23. [PMID: 36045385 PMCID: PMC9434836 DOI: 10.1186/s40780-022-00254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists must understand the mechanisms by which dispensing errors occur and take appropriate preventive measures. In this study, the gaze movements of pharmacists were analyzed using an eye-tracking method, to elucidate the thinking process of pharmacists when identifying target drugs and avoiding dispensing errors. Methods We prepared verification slides and projected them on a large screen. Each slide comprised a drug rack area and a prescription area; the former consisted of a grid-like layout with 55 drugs and the latter displayed dispensing information (drug name, drug usage, location number, and total amount). Twelve pharmacists participated in the study, and three single-type drugs and six double-type drugs were used as target drugs. We analyzed the pharmacists’ method of identifying the target drugs, the mechanisms by which errors occurred, and the usefulness of drug photographs using the error-induction (−) /photo (+), error-induction (+) / (+), and error-induction (+) /photo (−) models. Results Visual invasion by non-target drugs was found to have an effect on the subsequent occurrence of dispensing errors. In addition, when using error-induction models, the rate of dispensing error was 2.8 and 11.1% for the photo (+) and photo (−) models, respectively. Furthermore, based on the analysis of eight pharmacists who dispensed drugs without errors, it was clear that additional confirmation of “drug name” was required to accurately identify the target drug in the photo (+) model; additionally, that of “location number” was required to pinpoint directly the position of target drug in the photo (−) model. Conclusions By analyzing the gaze movements of pharmacists using the eye-tracking method, we clarified pharmacists’ thinking process which was required to avoid dispensing errors in a complicated environment and proved the usefulness of drug photographs in terms of both reducing the complexity of the dispensing process and the risk of dispensing errors. Effective measures to prevent dispensing errors include ensuring non-adjacent placement of double-type drugs and utilization of their image information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Kenichiro Nagata
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Shigeru Ishida
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kawashiri
- Clinical Pharmacy Education Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Takeshi Hirota
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Ieiri
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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