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Zhang J, Wu Z, Tao H, Chen M, Yu M, Zhou L, Sun M, Lv D, Cui G, Yi Q, Tang H, An C, Liu Z, Huang X, Long Y. Profile and mental health characterization of childhood overprotection/overcontrol experiences among Chinese university students: a nationwide survey. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1238254. [PMID: 37908593 PMCID: PMC10614290 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1238254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The childhood experiences of being overprotected and overcontrolled by family members have been suggested to be potentially traumatic. However, the possible associated factors of these experiences among young people are still not well studied. This study aimed to partly fill such gaps by a relatively large, nationwide survey of Chinese university students. Methods A total of 5,823 university students across nine different provinces in China were included by the convenience sampling method in the data analyses. All participants completed the overprotection/overcontrol (OP/OC) subscale in a recently developed 33-item childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ- 33). Data were also collected on all participants' socio-demographic profiles and characterization of mental health. Binary logistic regression was conducted to investigate the associated socio-demographic and psychological factors of OP/ OC. Results The prevalence of childhood OP/OC was estimated as 15.63% (910/5,823) based on a cutoff OP/OC subscale score of ≥ 13. Binary logistic regression suggested that being male, being a single child, having depression, having psychotic-like experiences, lower family functioning, and lower psychological resilience were independently associated with childhood OP/OC experiences (all corrected-p < 0.05). The OP/OC was also positively associated with all the other trauma subtypes (abuses and neglects) in the CTQ-33, while there are both shared and unique associated factors between the OP/OC and other trauma subtypes. Post-hoc analyses suggested that OP/OC experiences were associated with depression in only females and associated with anxiety in only males. Discussion Our results may provide initial evidence that childhood OP/OC experiences would have negative effects on young people's mental health which merits further investigations, especially in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhipeng Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haojuan Tao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Miaoyu Yu
- Department of Mental Health, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Social Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Social Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongsheng Lv
- Department of Mental Health Institute of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, The Affiliated Mental Center of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Guangcheng Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qizhong Yi
- Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Psychological Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Cuixia An
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhening Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yicheng Long
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Yakobi M, Dekel R, Yavnai N, Ben Yehuda A, Shelef L. Contributing Factors to Israeli Soldiers' Adaptation to Military Noncombat Positions. Mil Med 2023; 188:e1981-e1989. [PMID: 36106492 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adjusting to a military environment is a complex process, with unique demands and various stressors placed on conscripts. In this study, we examined the unique and combined contribution of the independent variables that constitute an individual soldier's personal resources-the meaningfulness of the military role and the match between expectations and the job itself; cognitive flexibility; social support; and seeking help from a mental health officer (MHO)-to the adaptation (dependent variable) of noncombat soldiers to military service. METHOD The study group comprised 200 Israel Defense Forces noncombat soldiers aged 18-23 years (Meanage = 20.046 years, SD = 0.951). Of them, 107 (53.3%) had consulted a MHO. The remaining soldiers who had not consulted an MHO (n = 93, 46.5%) served as the comparison group. Research tools included the work and meaning questionnaire, the Cognitive Flexibility Scale, the Medical Outcomes Study (social support) questionnaire, and adaptation to the army questionnaire. RESULTS Adaptation to service was found to relate positively to the meaningfulness of the military role, cognitive flexibility, and social support. Social support partially mediated the relation between cognitive flexibility and adaptation to service. Additionally, soldiers who had consulted an MHO had lower levels of cognitive flexibility and social support, and they adapted less well to service compared to the comparison group. CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that soldiers who seek help have lower resources. Additional personal and environmental variables that contribute to the adjustment of soldiers in noncombat positions were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Yakobi
- Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Rachel Dekel
- Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Nirit Yavnai
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel
| | - Ariel Ben Yehuda
- Department of Health and Well-Being, IDF's Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel
| | - Leah Shelef
- Department of Health and Well-Being, IDF's Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel
- Department of Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
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