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Oliveira R, Brito JP, Fernandes R, Morgans R, Alves S, Santos FJ, Pinto P, Espada MC. The Effects of Pre-Season and Relationships with Physical, Physiological, Body Composition, and Load Markers: A Case Study Comparing Starters versus Non-Starters from an Elite Female Professional Soccer Team. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:2156. [PMID: 38138259 PMCID: PMC10745088 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59122156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Research on female soccer players that analyzes playing status is scarce and has previously only examined load monitoring, while other markers, such as physical (i.e., strength, power, and agility), physiological (i.e., maximal oxygen uptake), and body composition (i.e., body fat mass, fat-free mass, body water, and phase angle) markers, warrant further investigation. Thus, the study aims were to (a) compare physical, physiological, body composition, and load markers between starters and non-starters; (b) compare measurements pre- and post-training intervention (five weeks); and (c) analyze any relationships between physical, physiological, body composition, and load markers in an elite female soccer team. Materials and Methods: Fourteen first-team players participated in the study (age 23.29 ± 3.19 years, weight 59.14 ± 6.87 kg, height 1.66 ± 0.08 m). Several physical (n = 15), physiological (n = 1), body composition (n = 11), and load markers (n = 14) were collected. In addition, participants were sub-divided into starters (n = 7) and non-starters (n = 7). Results: No differences were revealed between starters and non-starters in any of the examined variables. Moreover, following the training intervention, a significantly lower value was found for total body water/fat-free mass ratio (p = 0.043; ES = 0.582). In addition, there were several correlations detected between load and physical/physiological markers (n = 28); load and body composition markers (n = 6); physical/physiological and body composition markers (n = 34); and physical and physiological markers (n = 42). Conclusions: In conclusion, only a slight tendency of higher load values for starters than non-starters was observed. In addition, no differences in physical, physiological, and body composition markers were found between starters and non-starters, possibly suggesting that five weeks were not enough to improve such variables. Finally, the present results provide novel information assessing the effects of the pre-season in elite female Portuguese soccer players and contribute to a better understanding of the associations between different types of measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (R.F.); (S.A.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (F.J.S.); (P.P.); (M.C.E.)
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (R.F.); (S.A.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (F.J.S.); (P.P.); (M.C.E.)
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Renato Fernandes
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (R.F.); (S.A.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (F.J.S.); (P.P.); (M.C.E.)
| | - Ryland Morgans
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK;
| | - Susana Alves
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (J.P.B.); (R.F.); (S.A.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (F.J.S.); (P.P.); (M.C.E.)
| | - Fernando J. Santos
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (F.J.S.); (P.P.); (M.C.E.)
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Pinto
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (F.J.S.); (P.P.); (M.C.E.)
- Escola Superior Agraria–Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
| | - Mário C. Espada
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (F.J.S.); (P.P.); (M.C.E.)
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
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Santos F, Santos J, Espada M, Ferreira C, Sousa P, Pinheiro V. T- pattern analysis of offensive and defensive actions of youth football goalkeepers. Front Psychol 2022; 13:957858. [PMID: 36118424 PMCID: PMC9481354 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.957858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, football goalkeepers (GKs) play an important role in the team's organization, namely, considering the offensive and defensive processes. The purpose of our investigation focuses on the notational and T-pattern analysis of the offensive and defensive actions of elite young football GKs. The participating GKs (n = 3, mean age of 16.6 years) presented 8 years of experience in the specific position, were internationally selected for the national team of Portugal, and competed in the national U-17 championship of Portugal. Thirty football matches were observed. The observational sample consisted of defensive actions (n = 225) and offensive actions (n = 296). Two observational instruments were used to codify the actions: the observation system of defensive technical-tactical actions of GKs and the observation system of offensive technical-tactical actions of GKs. Both instruments underwent a validation process, and inter- and intra-observer reliability was tested. The codification of the actions was performed with the LINCE program, and later the data were exported to Microsoft Excel and THEME 5.0. The notational data were analyzed in SPSS, and T-pattern detection analysis was performed in THEME 5.0. The predominant actions of young observed GKs were fundamentally goal defense and participation in the team's offensive process construction through actions performed with the foot and hand. The analysis of T-patterns allowed to identify T-pattern actions in the defensive actions of goal defense and exit of the goal, as well as related to the defensive set pieces. In the offensive process, the analysis of T-patterns reinforced the participation of the GK in the team's first phase of construction and in the execution of goal kicks and actions that start as a result of the actions of the opponent. The GK's defensive actions are mostly focused on the objective of goal defense and offensive actions with the hands and feet are important for their participation in positional attack construction. Our study contributes to a better knowledge of the GK's actions in the competition and is relevant to be considered by the specific position coaches in the training process organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Santos
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, (CIEF – ESE/IPS, CDP2T, ESTSetúbal/IPS), Setúbal, Portugal
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV-Leiria), Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - João Santos
- Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, Odivelas, Portugal
| | - Mário Espada
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, (CIEF – ESE/IPS, CDP2T, ESTSetúbal/IPS), Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV-Leiria), Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Cátia Ferreira
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, (CIEF – ESE/IPS, CDP2T, ESTSetúbal/IPS), Setúbal, Portugal
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty of Cáceres, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Paulo Sousa
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV-Leiria), Rio Maior, Portugal
- Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, Odivelas, Portugal
| | - Valter Pinheiro
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV-Leiria), Rio Maior, Portugal
- Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, Odivelas, Portugal
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The Relationship between Preseason Common Screening Tests to Identify Inter-Limb Asymmetries in High-Level Senior and Professional Soccer Players. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13101805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to examine inter-limb asymmetries in common screening tests performed during preseason and to analyze the relationship between the performance in the different tests. Nineteen high-level senior and professional soccer players (age: 23.2 ± 3.1 years; height: 181 ± 0.06 cm; body mass: 75.2 ± 4.8 kg) performed several common screening tests during preseason: Dorsiflexion lunge test (DLT); bent knee fall out test (BKFO); y-balance anterior test (YBT A); y-balance posterolateral test (YBT PL); Y-balance posteromedial test (YBT PM); Heel-rise test (HRT) and single leg hamstring bridge test (SLHBT). High levels of reliability (ICC > 0.88 and <0.94) were observed in all the studied variables. Inter-limb significant differences were observed in DLT and YBT PM test (p < 0.01) but YBT A, HRT and SLHBT presented trivial effect size (ES) (0.03; 0.07 and 0.13, respectively), contrary to DLT, BKFO and YBT PL, all with small ES (0.20; −0.23 and −0.22) and YBT PM, which revealed very large ES (2.91). Considering all data, high-level senior and professional soccer players present fairly good mean values of lower limb symmetry. Performance considering all tests was different, a fact associated with different biomechanical dynamics (e.g., YBT), nonetheless, the correlations between tests underline the relationship between these, which could represent important evidence to consider for injury prevention and performance enhancement programs.
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