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Zeng Y, Baciadonna L, Davies JR, Pilenga C, Favaro L, Garcia-Pelegrin E. Bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus) display gaze alternation and referential communication in an impossible task. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33192. [PMID: 39005890 PMCID: PMC11239698 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Gaze cues play a vital role in conveying critical information about objects and locations necessary for survival, such as food sources, predators, and the attentional states of conspecific and heterospecific individuals. During referential intentional communication, the continuous alternation of gaze between a communicative partner and a specific object or point of interest attracts the partner's attention towards the target. This behaviour is considered by many as essential for understanding intentions and is thought to involve mental planning. Here, we investigated the behavioural responses of seven bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) that were given an impossible task in the presence of two experimenters (a 'commanding experimenter' and a 'non-commanding experimenter'), whose attentional state towards the dolphins varied. We found that the dolphins spontaneously displayed gaze alternation, specifically triadic referential pointing, only when the human commanding experimenter was facing them. However, they ceased to alternate their gaze between the impossible object and the commanding experimenter when the experimenter had their back turned. Notably, the dolphins' behaviour differed from general pointing and gaze, as their triadic sequence occurred within a narrow time window. These findings suggest that the dolphins were sensitive to human attentional cues and utilized their own gaze cue (pointing) as a salient signal to attract the attention of the commanding experimenter towards a specific location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zeng
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luigi Baciadonna
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - James R Davies
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Livio Favaro
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- CIRCE, Centro Interuniversitario per la Ricerca sui Cetacei, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Back AL, Rotella JD, Dashti A, DeBartolo K, Rosa WE, October TW, Grant MS. Top 10 Tips Palliative Care Clinicians Should Know About Messaging for the Public. J Palliat Med 2024; 27:405-410. [PMID: 37738320 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2023.0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
When speaking to public audiences, palliative care advocates often reach for personal experiences of great meaning and significance in their own lives, and often distill those experiences to a key message. However, this approach may not be the most effective way to engage a public audience whose closest experience with palliative care is based on social media or third-hand stories. Research demonstrates that the lay public often starts with inaccurate assumptions about palliative care, including that it is only for people at end of life. These misunderstandings can lead people with serious illness to decline palliative care services that are backed by evidence and demonstrate real benefit. This phenomenon of "declines based on inaccurate assumptions" is widely seen in clinical practice and palliative care demonstration projects. Public messaging is an evidence-based approach to engage more effectively with the public when doing outreach for palliative care. The 10 tips provided are based on a multiyear and multiorganizational project focused on improving the messaging of palliative care for the public. As palliative care services are increasingly expanded and integrated into health systems, public messaging can provide a new approach for building partnerships with the public by offering messages that consistently meet their needs based on their current perceptions. Incorporating public-informed messaging strategies could enable palliative care clinicians and advocates to address the lay public with greater confidence and clarity about how palliative care can serve them, their families, and their communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Back
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joe D Rotella
- American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Azadeh Dashti
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kate DeBartolo
- Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William E Rosa
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Marian S Grant
- School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Garcia-Pelegrin E, Schnell AK, Wilkins C, Clayton NS. Beyond the Tricks: The Science and Comparative Cognition of Magic. Annu Rev Psychol 2024; 75:269-293. [PMID: 38236652 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-012723-100945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Magic is an art form that has fascinated humans for centuries. Recently, the techniques used by magicians to make their audience experience the impossible have attracted the attention of psychologists, who, in just a couple of decades, have produced a large amount of research regarding how these effects operate, focusing on the blind spots in perception and roadblocks in cognition that magic techniques exploit. Most recently, this investigation has given a pathway to a new line of research that uses magic effects to explore the cognitive abilities of nonhuman animals. This new branch of the scientific study of magic has already yielded new evidence illustrating the power of magic effects as a psychological tool for nonhuman animals. This review aims to give a thorough overview of the research on both the human and nonhuman perception of magic effects by critically illustrating the most prominent works of both fields of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra K Schnell
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Wilkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Breithaupt F, Otenen E, Wright DR, Kruschke JK, Li Y, Tan Y. Humans create more novelty than ChatGPT when asked to retell a story. Sci Rep 2024; 14:875. [PMID: 38195660 PMCID: PMC10776760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
We compare how humans retell stories to how ChatGPT retells stories in chains of three retellings by different people or different accounts on ChatGPT. ChatGPT provides competent summaries of the original narrative texts in one step of retelling. In subsequent retellings few additional changes occur. Human retellers, by contrast, reduce the original text incrementally and by creating 55-60% of novel words and concepts (synsets) at each iteration. The retellings by both ChatGPT and humans show very stable emotion ratings, which is a puzzle for human retellers given the high degree of novel inventions across retellings. ChatGPT maintains more nouns, adjectives, and prepositions and also uses language later acquired in life, while humans use more verbs, adverbs, and negations and use language acquired at a younger age. The results reveal that spontaneous retelling by humans involves ongoing creativity, anchored by emotions, beyond the default probabilistic wording of large language models such as ChatGPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Breithaupt
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Germanic Studies, Indiana University Bloomington, 355 N. Eagleson, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Ege Otenen
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, 901 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Devin R Wright
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, 901 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - John K Kruschke
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyan Tan
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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Raeder R, Clayton NS, Boeckle M. Narrative-based autobiographical memory interventions for PTSD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1215225. [PMID: 37829075 PMCID: PMC10565228 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1215225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy of narrative-based interventions (NBIs) for individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Investigating the efficacy of NBIs should yield insight on autobiographical memory (AM) phenomena implicated in PTSD onset and recovery, leading to improved intervention protocols. Furthermore, by analyzing how NBIs influence maladaptive AM distortions, we hope to shed light on the theorized narrative architecture of AM more generally. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted according to PRISMA and Cochrane guidelines in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and PubMed. Additional studies were then also identified from the reference lists of other relevant literature and considered for inclusion. Studies were then evaluated for adherence to the inclusion/exclusion criteria and assessed for risk of bias. Various meta-analyses were performed on included studies to understand how NBIs may or may not influence the overall effect size of treatment. Results The results of the meta-analysis of 35 studies, involving 2,596 participants, suggest that NBIs are a viable and effective treatment option for PTSD, yielding a statistically significant within-group effect size and decrease in PTSD symptomatology at both post-treatment [g = 1.73, 95% CI (1.23-2.22)] and 3-9 month follow-up assessments [g = 2.33, 95% CI (1.41-3.26)]. Furthermore, the difference in effect sizes between NBIs compared to active and waitlist controls was statistically significant, suggesting that NBIs are superior. Sub-analyses showed that NET provided a stronger effect size than FORNET, which may be due to the nature of the traumatic event itself and not the treatment protocol. While evidence of small study and publication bias was present, a weight-function model and trim-and-fill method suggested it was not influencing the overall results. Discussion This meta-analysis presents strong evidence supporting the use of NBIs in the treatment of PTSD. Clear similarities can be identified between NBIs included in this analysis that make them distinct from non-NBI interventions, which are reviewed in the discussion. Controlled comparisons between NBIs and non-NBIs would help to further understand AM mechanisms of action implicated in recovery and how various interventions facilitate them. Future research should also aim to elucidate the full range of AM impairment in individuals with PTSD to gain insight on how other memory capabilities, such as the ability to mentally simulate the future, are implicated in the pathogenesis of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Raeder
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola S. Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Boeckle
- Scientific Working Group, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
- Department of Transitory Psychiatry, University Hospital Tulln, Tulln, Austria
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