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Kleygrewe L, Hutter RIV, Koedijk M, Oudejans RRD. Changing perspectives: enhancing learning efficacy with the after-action review in virtual reality training for police. ERGONOMICS 2024; 67:628-637. [PMID: 37440434 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2236819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The After-Action Review (AAR) in Virtual Reality (VR) training for police provides new opportunities to enhance learning. We investigated whether perspectives (bird's eye & police officer, bird's eye & suspect, bird's eye) and line of fire displayed in the AAR impacted the officers' learning efficacy. A 3 x 2 ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of AAR perspectives. Post hoc pairwise comparisons showed that using a bird's eye view in combination with the suspect perspective elicits significantly greater learning efficacy compared to using a bird's eye view alone. Using the line of fire feature did not influence learning efficacy. Our findings show that the use of the suspect perspective during the AAR in VR training can support the learning efficacy of police officers.Practitioner summary: VR systems possess After-Action Review tools that provide objective performance feedback. This study found that reviewing a VR police training scenario from the bird's eye view in combination with the suspect perspective enhanced police officers' learning efficacy. Designing and applying the After-Action Review effectively can improve learning efficacy in VR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Kleygrewe
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute of Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R I Vana Hutter
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute of Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (Nederlands Studiecentrum Criminaliteit en Rechtshandhaving, NSCR), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Koedijk
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute of Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raôul R D Oudejans
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute of Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Di Nota PM, Scott SC, Huhta JM, Gustafsberg H, Andersen JP. Physiological Responses to Organizational Stressors Among Police Managers. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2024; 49:85-102. [PMID: 38244109 PMCID: PMC10869394 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-023-09613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Police officers demonstrate increased risk of physical and mental health conditions due to repeated and prolonged exposure to stressful occupational conditions. Occupational stress is broken into two types: operational stress, related to the content of field duties (e.g., physical demands); and organizational stress, related to cultural and structural contexts (e.g., interpersonal relationships). Applied police research focuses on physiological activation in operational tasks as a mechanism explaining health risk and non-optimal performance outcomes. However, recent survey-based studies indicate numerous organizational stressors associated with self-reported mental health symptoms. The question of whether organizational stressors elicit significant physiological activity remains unknown. The current proof-of-concept field study tests the hypothesis that police managers will display significant physiological reactivity before, during, and after engaging in reality-based scenarios representative of stressful police management tasks developed from evidence-based pedagogical approaches. A sample of 25 training police managers (7 female, M = 16 +/- 5.3 years of experience) completed 5 reality-based scenarios, including resolving a heated conflict between colleagues, delivering negative feedback to a subordinate, and critical incident command. Significant increases in heart rate relative to rest were observed during all tasks, and in anticipation of several tasks. Greater increases in reactive heart rate were associated with longer recovery times. Sex differences and relationships between objective biological and subjective psychological measures of stress are discussed. The current findings demonstrate significant physiological responses to organizational stressors similar to levels observed during operational tasks, despite the absence of physical or aerobic exertion. Implications for police health and training are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Di Nota
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah C Scott
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Juha-Matti Huhta
- Police University College of Finland, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Culture & Education, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Judith P Andersen
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
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Voigt L, Hill Y, Frenkel MO. Testing the hormesis hypothesis on motor behavior under stress. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2024; 115:104161. [PMID: 37935066 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
While much research has focused on the deleterious effects of stress on goal-directed behavior in recent decades, current views increasingly discuss growth under stress, often assuming dose-dependent effects of stress in a curvilinear association. This is based on the concept of hormesis, which postulates a strengthening effect of stress at low-to-moderate doses. Leveraging this approach, hormetic curves indicate under which stress dose an individual is able to maintain or even increase goal-directed behavior. The present study aimed to test the hormetic effect of low-to-moderate stress on tactical movement performance in the context of police operational scenarios in virtual reality. In teams of three to four, 37 riot police officers had to search a building for a potentially aggressive perpetrator in three scenarios with escalating stress potential (i.e., increasing weapon violence and number of civilians). Tactical movement performance as behavioral response was quantified by the sample entropy of each officer's velocity derived from positional data. To account for inter-individuality in response to the scenarios, we assessed self-reported stress, anxiety, mental effort, and vagally mediated heart rate variability. Specifically, we tested the quadratic associations between tactical movement performance and stress parameters, respectively. Random-intercept-random-slope regressions revealed neither significant linear nor quadratic associations between any of the stress parameters and performance. While we did not find evidence for hormesis in the present study, it stimulates theoretical discussions about the definition of "baseline" functioning and how the understanding of hormesis can move from psychological to behavioral adaptations to stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Voigt
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Psychology, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yannick Hill
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, the Netherlands; Institute of Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, Colorado Springs, USA.
| | - Marie Ottilie Frenkel
- Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Germany; Faculty of Health, Safety, Society, Furtwangen University, Germany
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Kleygrewe L, Hutter RIV, Oudejans RRD. No pain, no gain? The effects of adding a pain stimulus in virtual training for police officers. ERGONOMICS 2023; 66:1608-1621. [PMID: 36620999 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2157496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Virtual training systems provide highly realistic training environments for police. This study assesses whether a pain stimulus can enhance the training responses and sense of the presence of these systems. Police officers (n = 219) were trained either with or without a pain stimulus in a 2D simulator (VirTra V-300) and a 3D virtual reality (VR) system. Two (training simulator) × 2 (pain stimulus) ANOVAs revealed a significant interaction effect for perceived stress (p = .010, ηp2 = .039). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons showed that VR provokes significantly higher levels of perceived stress compared to VirTra when no pain stimulus is used (p = .009). With a pain stimulus, VirTra training provokes significantly higher levels of perceived stress compared to VirTra training without a pain stimulus (p < .001). Sense of presence was unaffected by the pain stimulus in both training systems. Our results indicate that VR training appears sufficiently realistic without adding a pain stimulus. Practitioner summary: Virtual police training benefits from highly realistic training environments. This study found that adding a pain stimulus heightened perceived stress in a 2D simulator, whereas it influenced neither training responses nor sense of presence in a VR system. VR training appears sufficiently realistic without adding a pain stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Kleygrewe
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute of Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R I Vana Hutter
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute of Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (Nederlands Studiecentrum Criminaliteit en Rechtshandhaving; NSCR), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Raôul R D Oudejans
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute of Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Enhancing Operational Police Training in High Stress Situations with Virtual Reality: Experiences, Tools and Guidelines. MULTIMODAL TECHNOLOGIES AND INTERACTION 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/mti7020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) provides great opportunities for police officers to train decision-making and acting (DMA) in cognitively demanding and stressful situations. This paper presents a summary of findings from a three-year project, including requirements collected from experienced police trainers and industry experts, and quantitative and qualitative results of human factor studies and field trials. Findings include advantages of VR training such as the possibility to safely train high-risk situations in controllable and reproducible training environments, include a variety of avatars that would be difficult to use in real-life training (e.g., vulnerable populations or animals) and handle dangerous equipment (e.g., explosives) but also highlight challenges such as tracking, locomotion and intelligent virtual agents. The importance of strong alignment between training didactics and technical possibilities is highlighted and potential solutions presented. Furthermore training outcomes are transferable to real-world police duties and may apply to other domains that would benefit from simulation-based training.
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Okhrimenko IМ, Zasenko VV, Chebotaryova OV, Dushka AL, Lapin AV, Kvitka NO, Holovanovа IA. Assessment of Compliance with Healthy Lifestyle Standards by the Instructional Staff of Higher Educational Institutions. ACTA BALNEOLOGICA 2022. [DOI: 10.36740/abal202205115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To assess the quality of compliance with the standards of a healthy lifestyle by instructors of higher educational institutions with specific learning environment and their attitude to exercise.
Materials and Methods: To achieve the aim of the research, we conducted a survey of instructors (n=126) of different age groups according to the questionnaire developed by the authors. The questionnaire is designed to investigate the current state of physical training with instructional staff; to clarify the issues of instructors’ healthy lifestyle; to study ways to improve their physical fitness.
Results: It was found that only 10.3% of instructors regularly exercise in the morning; 85.7% get to the place of service by public transport or by car and only 14.3% go on foot. On weekends, 41.3% of instructors prefer passive types of motor activity and recreation; more than 50% smoke, in addition, 30.9% smoke one pack or more a day. On top of that, 46.8% of instructors do not engage in physical training at all; 50.9% of instructors answered that they attend training sessions in order to prepare for the test.
Conclusions: It was found that the majority of instructors (67.1%) rarely or almost never follow the standards of a healthy lifestyle. Insufficient efficiency of the current system of physical training of instructional staff was identified and the reasons for insufficient level of physical fitness, health of instructors and systematic absence from physical training sessions were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viacheslav V. Zasenko
- Mykola Yarmachenko Institute of Special Education and Psychology of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olena V. Chebotaryova
- Mykola Yarmachenko Institute of Special Education and Psychology of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alla L. Dushka
- Mykola Yarmachenko Institute of Special Education and Psychology of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrii V. Lapin
- Mykola Yarmachenko Institute of Special Education and Psychology of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nataliia O. Kvitka
- Mykola Yarmachenko Institute of Special Education and Psychology of the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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