Does Entrepreneurship Education Affect Pre-start-up Behavior in Malaysia? A Multi-Group Analysis Approach

Entrepreneurship barriers faced by Pakistani female students in relation to their entrepreneurial inclinations and entrepreneurial success

Purpose

The current environment is unhelpful to female entrepreneurs, and they need to overcome numerous barriers when starting their own businesses. In this study, the researchers investigated the significant barriers that Pakistani female entrepreneurs require to overcome in this respect.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, the researchers used a quantitative study and they used a questionnaire to survey the respondents and collect cross-sectional data. The researchers targeted female students who were undertaking bachelor’s and master’s degree programs in different Pakistani public and private sector universities. Accordingly, the researchers based this study’s findings on the usable samples received from 498 Pakistani female students.

Findings

The researchers used a structural equation model (SEM) in this study and its findings highlight that aversion to risk (ATR) has an insignificant impact on entrepreneurial inclinations (EI). In addition, fear of failure (FoF), lack of resources (LoR), aversion to hard work and stress (ASH) and the lack of social networking (LSN) have negative and insignificant effects on EI. The ATR factor has an insignificant effect on entrepreneurial success (ES), whereas FoF, LoR, ASH and LSN are negative and insignificant predictors of Pakistani female students’ ES.

Practical implications

This study’s findings may help Pakistani women to overcome the barriers to ES. In this respect, the researchers recommend that the Pakistan Government and policymakers develop significant strategies to provide the conducive business environment and to financially support Pakistani women to start their own businesses. Furthermore, this study’s findings contribute greatly to the vast amount of current literature and help to overcome the entrepreneurial conditions and barriers that potential entrepreneurs from advanced and developing countries experience frequently.

Originality/value

This study’s findings provide empirical evidence of EI and ES in Pakistan.

Green Entrepreneurship among Students—Social and Behavioral Motivation

The research is proposing to analyze the relationship between education for green entrepreneurship among students and their interests in implementing business ideas in the field of green entrepreneurship. The research has had the projection of an explanation regarding specific factors of students when approaching a subject like green entrepreneurship. It has started from the paradigm in which the rise of interest for green entrepreneurship is influenced by the knowledge regarding the opportunities of creating green business and by the level of developing entrepreneurial competencies. In this framework, a set of research hypotheses has been created as follows: students’ preoccupation for ecological entrepreneurship is influenced by their age (H1); students’ preoccupation for green entrepreneurship is influenced by identifying and recognizing ideas for green business (H2); students’ satisfaction regarding the quality of entrepreneurial education directly influences the preoccupation regarding the creation of a green business (H3). The research is a quantitative type and has been created on a sample representative (N = 123 students, valid N = 120) from the Valahia University of Targoviste, Romania of which the students are part. The research variables were constructed with the module style extracted from scientifically validated research tools. The measurements of variables have been conducted with the help of a Likert-type scale and interpretation with ANOVA. The results of the research were the following—according to the Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square test, there were compared and analyzed variables such as green knowledge and education for green entrepreneurship, to be able to quantify the students’ preoccupation values with green entrepreneurship. The p-value is ˃1, which means that the researched subjects manifest increased interest in green entrepreneurship. This fact demonstrates that the average of the values which were attributed according to the Likert-type scale has offered values between 4 and 5 (5 being the maximum level), a fact that confirms the students’ increased preoccupation with green entrepreneurship. The assigned values obtained are: 18–22 age (m = 4.1532), 22–25 age (m = 4.4375), 26–28 age (m = 4.4375), 29–39 age (m = 4.2396), and the over 39 age (m = 4.2750). We also concluded that the concern for green entrepreneurship among students correlates positively with entrepreneurship education and green knowledge.