Intergenerational Transmission of Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences on Next Generation's Development: A Mini-Review

[Research progress on the mechanism of the impact of maternal childhood trauma on intergenerational transmission]

Childhood trauma refers to trauma experiences encountered during childhood and adolescence. Maternal childhood trauma experiences have a lasting impact on the next generation, affecting their physical and mental well-being. The mechanisms involved include the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, inflammatory factors, brain structure and function, gene interactions, and parenting styles. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms of the impact of maternal childhood trauma on intergenerational transmission, providing insights for the prevention of intergenerational transmission of childhood trauma.

Adverse childhood experiences growing up in East or West Germany or abroad

Background

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are potentially traumatic events that occur before the age of 18. The term encompasses various adverse childhood experiences, e.g., physical, psychological, and sexual abuse, physical and psychological neglect, and family dysfunction. Prevalence estimates for a broad spectrum of ACEs against the background of where childhood and adolescence were spent are scarcely available in Germany. This study examines the frequencies of adverse childhood experiences, considering growing up in East or West Germany or abroad and interacting with different age cohorts and gender.

Methods

A total of 5,018 individuals (51.4% female) aged 14 years and older were retrospectively assessed on adverse childhood experiences using questionnaires "adverse childhood experiences" (ACE). Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between birth cohort, gender, and where a person grew up. Descriptive statistics and univariate analyses were used to calculate frequencies, proportions, and unadjusted associations for each variable.

Results

37.4% (N = 1,878) of respondents reported experiencing at least one form of ACE. Individuals who grew up abroad report significantly more adverse childhood experiences than individuals in East or West Germany. Men and women who grew up in East Germany reported a lower rate of ACEs. We found significant effects for all predictors: Where childhood and adolescence were predominantly spent, year of birth, and gender. Significant differences in the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences within the gender groups were only found for sexual and physical abuse and substance dependence in the household.

Conclusion

The results suggest that the socio-political context plays an essential role in the experience of adverse childhood experiences, both in frequency and risk. Thus, child abuse and neglect studies should increasingly focus on societal risk and protection mechanisms.