Emotion regulation moderates the association between COVID-19 stress and mental distress: findings on buffering, exacerbation, and gender differences in a cross-sectional study from Norway

Reliability and validity estimation of Urdu version of Children Emotion Management Scales (CEMS) in Pakistan

Introduction

The present study aimed to translate and validate Children's Emotion Management Scales into Urdu, the national language of Pakistan.

Method

The current study comprised three different phases, i.e., phase I: Cross-language validation over a sample of (N = 169) school children, estimated at a 1-week interval.

Results

The results indicate a significant correlation (r = 0.846-0.891) at p < 0.01. In phase II, the internal consistency reliability (r = 0.808-0.904) and split-half reliability (r = 0.737-0.898) of the scale were assessed (N = 683) at p < 0.01. Furthermore, significant results for test-retest reliability analysis (N = 168) were obtained (r = 0.736-0.917 at p < 0.01), following the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (N = 1,083). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on the same sample chosen for CFA. EFA resulted in the retention of original inhibition (INH), dysregulated expression (DYS), and emotional coping (EMO) factors. CFA findings suggest a good model fit. In phase III, convergent validity and divergent validity were checked (N = 385, 255, and 213). Convergent validity of INH and DYS subscales and divergent validity of EMO subscales were established, with SBI (r = 0.217-0.609; 0.210-0.445; -0.026 to -0.553), SHS (r = 0.417-0.441; 0.480-0.546; -0.338 to -0.582), and suppression subscale of ERQ (r = 0.430-0.480; 0.468-0.522; -0.245 to -0.369) at p < 0.01. For divergent validity of INH and DYS subscales and convergent validity of EMO subscales, their scores were correlated with the SPS (r = -0.204 to -0.350; -0.318 to -0.459; 0.191-0.531), RSE Scale (r = -0.226 to -0.351; -0.279 to -0.352; 0.255-0.507), DTS (-0.290 to -0.617; -0.369 to -0.456; 0.246-0.680), and reappraisal subscale of ERQ (r = -0.456 to -0.541; -0.329 to -0.544; 0.446-0.601) at p < 0.01.

Discussion

It is concluded that the scale is reliable and valid with sound psychometric properties.

Emotion regulation, hope, and optimism during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of age and personality

AIMS

This study examined age-related differences between young and older adults' emotion regulation, hope, and optimism 1 year after the COVID-19 outbreak. Whether personality explained such outcomes was also examined.

METHOD

A sample of 228 young adults and 161 older adults was interviewed in April-May 2021 to complete questionnaires assessing cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression (ES) emotion regulation strategies use, optimism, hope (agency and pathways components), and personality traits.

RESULTS

Older adults reported greater CR and ES use, optimism, and hope-agency levels than young adults, whereas no age differences emerged for hope-pathway scores. Personality traits (more consistently emotional stability) contributed to explaining CR and ES use, and greater hopeful and optimistic dispositions.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings confirm older adults' advantage in facing the emotional and psychological fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic in its third wave. They also underscore the importance of considering personality to depict individual profiles prone to experiencing long-term negative emotional/psychological consequences of emergencies as COVID-19.