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Yep R, Soncin S, Brien DC, Coe BC, Marin A, Munoz DP. Using an emotional saccade task to characterize executive functioning and emotion processing in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Brain Cogn 2018; 124:1-13. [PMID: 29698907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite distinct diagnostic criteria, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder (BD) share cognitive and emotion processing deficits that complicate diagnoses. The goal of this study was to use an emotional saccade task to characterize executive functioning and emotion processing in adult ADHD and BD. Participants (21 control, 20 ADHD, 20 BD) performed an interleaved pro/antisaccade task (look toward vs. look away from a visual target, respectively) in which the sex of emotional face stimuli acted as the cue to perform either the pro- or antisaccade. Both patient groups made more direction (erroneous prosaccades on antisaccade trials) and anticipatory (saccades made before cue processing) errors than controls. Controls exhibited lower microsaccade rates preceding correct anti- vs. prosaccade initiation, but this task-related modulation was absent in both patient groups. Regarding emotion processing, the ADHD group performed worse than controls on neutral face trials, while the BD group performed worse than controls on trials presenting faces of all valence. These findings support the role of fronto-striatal circuitry in mediating response inhibition deficits in both ADHD and BD, and suggest that such deficits are exacerbated in BD during emotion processing, presumably via dysregulated limbic system circuitry involving the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Yep
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Stephen Soncin
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Donald C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Alina Marin
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Mixed saccadic paradigm releases top-down emotional interference in antisaccade and prosaccade trials. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:2915-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pradhan B, Kluewer D'Amico J, Makani R, Parikh T. Nonconventional interventions for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: Ketamine, repetitive trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and alternative approaches. J Trauma Dissociation 2016; 17:35-54. [PMID: 26162001 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2015.1046101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It is alarming that only 59% of those who have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) respond to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Many existing treatments, both pharmacological and nonpharmacological, do not directly target trauma memories that lay at the core of the PTSD pathogenesis. Notable exceptions are medications like ketamine and propranolol and trauma-focused psychotherapies like eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (developed by Shapiro) and Trauma Interventions using Mindfulness Based Extinction and Reconsolidation (TIMBER) for trauma memories (developed by Pradhan). Although the antidepressant effects of ketamine are no longer news, ketamine's effects on treatment refractory PTSD (TR-PTSD) is a recent concept. As TR-PTSD has a marked public health burden and significant limitations in terms of treatment interventions, a thorough assessment of current strategies is required. Research to bring clarity to the underlying pathophysiology and neurobiology of TR-PTSD delineating the chemical, structural, and circuitry abnormalities will take time. In the interim, in the absence of a 1-size-fits-all therapeutic approach, pragmatically parallel lines of research can be pursued using the pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments that have a strong theoretical rationale for efficacy. This article aims to review the current literature on interventions for PTSD, most notably ketamine, trans-cranial magnetic stimulation treatment, yoga and mindfulness interventions, and TIMBER. We present an outline for their future use, alone as well as in combination, with a hope of providing additional insights as well as advocating for developing more effective therapeutic intervention for this treatment-resistant and debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basant Pradhan
- a Department of Psychiatry , Cooper University Hospital and Cooper Medical School of Rowan University , Camden , New Jersey , USA
| | | | - Ramkrishna Makani
- a Department of Psychiatry , Cooper University Hospital and Cooper Medical School of Rowan University , Camden , New Jersey , USA
| | - Tapan Parikh
- a Department of Psychiatry , Cooper University Hospital and Cooper Medical School of Rowan University , Camden , New Jersey , USA
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Carvalho N, Laurent E, Noiret N, Chopard G, Haffen E, Bennabi D, Vandel P. Eye Movement in Unipolar and Bipolar Depression: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1809. [PMID: 26696915 PMCID: PMC4678228 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of eye movements (EM) by eye-tracking has been carried out for several decades to investigate mood regulation, emotional information processing, and psychomotor disturbances in depressive disorders. METHOD A systematic review of all English language PubMed articles using the terms "saccadic eye movements" OR "eye-tracking" AND "depression" OR "bipolar disorders" was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. The aim of this review was to characterize the specific alterations of EM in unipolar and bipolar depression. RESULTS Findings regarding psychomotor disturbance showed an increase in reaction time in prosaccade and antisaccade tasks in both unipolar and bipolar disorders. In both disorders, patients have been reported to have an attraction for negative emotions, especially for negative pictures in unipolar and threatening images in bipolar disorder. However, the pattern could change with aging, elderly unipolar patients disengaging key features of sad and neutral stimuli. METHODological limitations generally include small sample sizes with mixed unipolar and bipolar depressed patients. CONCLUSION Eye movement analysis can be used to discriminate patients with depressive disorders from controls, as well as patients with bipolar disorder from patients with unipolar depression. General knowledge concerning psychomotor alterations and affective regulation strategies associated with each disorder can also be gained thanks to the analysis. Future directions for research on eye movement and depression are proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, University Hospital Besançon, France ; E.A. 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Eric Laurent
- E.A. 3188, Laboratory of Psychology, University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France ; UMSR 3124/FED 4209 MSHE Ledoux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Noiret
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, University Hospital Besançon, France ; E.A. 3188, Laboratory of Psychology, University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Gilles Chopard
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, University Hospital Besançon, France ; E.A. 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, University Hospital Besançon, France ; E.A. 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France ; Fondation FondaMental, Albert Chenevier Hospital Créteil, France ; CIC-IT 808 Inserm, Besançon University Hospital Besançon, France
| | - Djamila Bennabi
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, University Hospital Besançon, France ; E.A. 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Pierre Vandel
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, University Hospital Besançon, France ; E.A. 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France ; CIC-IT 808 Inserm, Besançon University Hospital Besançon, France
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Beynel L, Chauvin A, Guyader N, Harquel S, Szekely D, Bougerol T, Marendaz C. What saccadic eye movements tell us about TMS-induced neuromodulation of the DLPFC and mood changes: a pilot study in bipolar disorders. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:65. [PMID: 25191234 PMCID: PMC4137451 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The study assumed that the antisaccade (AS) task is a relevant psychophysical tool to assess (i) short-term neuromodulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) induced by intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS); and (ii) mood change occurring during the course of the treatment. Saccadic inhibition is known to strongly involve the DLPFC, whose neuromodulation with iTBS requires less stimulation time and lower stimulation intensity, as well as results in longer aftereffects than the conventional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Active or sham iTBS was applied every day for 3 weeks over the left DLPFC of 12 drug-resistant bipolar depressed patients. To assess the iTBS-induced short-term neuromodulation, the saccadic task was performed just before (S1) and just after (S2) the iTBS session, the first day of each week. Mood was evaluated through Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores and the difference in scores between the beginning and the end of treatment was correlated with AS performance change between these two periods. As expected, only patients from the active group improved their performance from S1 to S2 and mood improvement was significantly correlated with AS performance improvement. In addition, the AS task also discriminated depressive bipolar patients from healthy control subjects. Therefore, the AS task could be a relevant and useful tool for clinicians to assess if the Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-induced short-term neuromodulation of the DLPFC occurs as well as a “trait vs. state” objective marker of depressive mood disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysianne Beynel
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Psychology and Neurocognition, Grenoble Alpes University, Université Pierre Mendes France Grenoble, France
| | - Alan Chauvin
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Psychology and Neurocognition, Grenoble Alpes University, Université Pierre Mendes France Grenoble, France
| | - Nathalie Guyader
- Department of Images and Signal, Grenoble Image Parole et Signal Automatique-Lab, Grenoble Alpes University, St Martin d'Héres Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvain Harquel
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Psychology and Neurocognition, Grenoble Alpes University, Université Pierre Mendes France Grenoble, France ; Department of Psychology, IRMaGe, Grenoble Alpes University Grenoble, France
| | - David Szekely
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University La Tronche, France
| | - Thierry Bougerol
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University La Tronche, France
| | - Christian Marendaz
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Psychology and Neurocognition, Grenoble Alpes University, Université Pierre Mendes France Grenoble, France
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