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Synergizing Tradition and Technology by Exploring ChatGPT's Role in Enhancing Pathology Education for Traditional Chinese Medicine. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS USING CHATGPT IN EDUCATION 2023:158-184. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-9300-7.ch015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The availability of generative AI tools such as ChatGPT has significantly changed current situations. In the previous chapters, the authors explained how ChatGPT succeeded in medical examinations. Therefore, it is the need of the time for teachers to incorporate ChatGPT in their teaching pedagogy. Although many professors oppose using ChatGPT in education and ask for a ban, the authors do not find that solution feasible in the longer run. It is human nature to abstain from innovations and adapt with time. The current chapter has attempted to find solutions for incorporating ChatGPT in teaching pathology. The teacher uses a rational approach to suggest some tips in case the reader does not want to adopt ChatGPT in teaching methods. The authors believe a mixed approach is better and more rational in using ChatGPT in pathology, particularly for students of traditional Chinese medicine who face difficulty with language and understanding Western medicine theories, which contrast with traditional Chinese medicine philosophy.
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Wang J, Kong F, Zheng H, Cai D, Liu L, Lian J, Lyu H, Lin S, Chen J, Qin X. Lateralized brain activities in subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment with differential Chinese medicine patterns: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:943929. [PMID: 36071714 PMCID: PMC9441905 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.943929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment (svMCI) is one of the most treatable cognitive impairments, but could be hampered by the high clinical heterogeneities. Further classification by Chinese Medicine (CM) patterns has been proved to stratify its clinical heterogeneities. It remains largely unknown of the spontaneous brain activities regarding deficiency patterns (DPs) and excess patterns (EPs) of svMCI patients based on fMRI data. Objective We aim to provide neuroimaging evidence of altered resting-state brain activities associated with DPs and EPs in svMCI patients. Methods Thirty-seven svMCI patients (PAs) and 23 healthy controls (CNs) were consecutively enrolled. All patients were categorized into either the EP group (n = 16) and the DP group (n = 21) based on a quantitative CM scale. The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) value was used to make comparisons between different subgroups. Results The DP group showed significant differences of fALFF values in the right middle frontal gyrus and the right cerebellum, while the EP group showed significant differences in the left orbitofrontal gyrus and the left cerebellum, when compared with the CN group. When compared with the EP group, the DP group had markedly increased fALFF values in the left superior temporal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus and brainstem. The decreased fALFF values was shown in the right anterior cingulate and paracingulate gyri. Among the extensive areas of frontotemporal lobe, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores were significantly correlated with the reduced fALFF value of the right middle frontal gyrus and the left orbitofrontal gyrus. Conclusion Our results indicated that the DPs and EPs presented the lateralization pattern in the bilateral frontal gyrus, which will probably benefit the future investigation of the pathogenesis of svMCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Harvard Medical School, Global Clinical Scholars Research Training (GCSRT), Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fanxin Kong
- Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haotao Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongbin Cai
- Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijin Liu
- Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Lian
- Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanqing Lyu
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Songjun Lin
- Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianxiang Chen
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiude Qin
- Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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Chen Q, Bi Y, Zhao X, Lai Y, Yan W, Xie L, Gao T, Xie S, Zeng T, Li J, Kuang S, Gao L, Lv Z. Regional amplitude abnormities in the major depressive disorder: A resting-state fMRI study and support vector machine analysis. J Affect Disord 2022; 308:1-9. [PMID: 35398104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mood disorder. However, it still remains challenging to select sensitive biomarkers and establish reliable diagnosis methods currently. This study aimed to investigate the abnormalities of the spontaneous brain activity in the MDD and explore the clinical diagnostic value of three amplitude metrics in altered regions by applying the support vector machine (SVM) method. METHODS A total of fifty-two HCs and forty-eight MDD patients were recruited in the study. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and percent amplitude of fluctuation (PerAF) metrics were calculated to assess local spontaneous brain activity. Then we performed correlation analysis to examine the association between cerebral abnormalities and clinical characteristics. Finally, SVM analysis was applied to conduct the classification model for evaluating the diagnostic value. RESULTS Two-sample t-test exhibited that MDD patients had increased ALFF value in the right caudate and corpus callosum, increased fALFF value in the same regions and increased PerAF value in the inferior parietal lobule and right caudate compared to HCs. Moreover, PerAF value in the inferior parietal lobule was negatively correlated with the slow factor scores. The SVM results showed that a combination of mean ALFF and fALFF in the right caudate and corpus callosum selected as features achieved a highest area under curve (AUC) value (0.89), accuracy (79.79%), sensitivity (65.12%) and specificity (92.16%). CONCLUSION Collectively, we found increased mean ALFF and fALFF may serve as a potential neuroimaging marker to discriminate MDD and HCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanmeng Bi
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhao
- School of Beauty, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Yuqi Lai
- Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weixin Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingpeng Xie
- Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Department of General medicine, The first affiliated hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Kuang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhiping Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Liu P, Tu H, Zhang A, Yang C, Liu Z, Lei L, Wu P, Sun N, Zhang K. Brain functional alterations in MDD patients with somatic symptoms: A resting-state fMRI study. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:788-796. [PMID: 34517253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been established that major depressive disorder (MDD) is accompanied by various somatic symptoms that are related to the clinical course and severity of depression. However, the mechanisms of somatic symptoms in MDD have rarely been studied. In this study, we sought to investigate the functional neurological changes in MDD patients with somatic symptoms based off the regional homogeneity (ReHo) and the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF). METHOD Study participants included 74 first-episode, drug naïve MDD patients as well as 70 healthy subjects (HCs). Patients diagnosed with MDD were separated into two groups based on the presence (n=50) or absence (n=24) of somatic symptoms. Functional images were obtained and analyzed. Alterations in ReHo/ALFF and the severity of clinical symptoms were investigated using correlation analysis. RESULTS More severe depressive symptoms were observed in the somatic depression group than that of the pure depression group (P< 0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in ReHo and ALFF in the bilateral precentral gyrus, bilateral postcentral gyrus, and left paracentral gyrus in the somatic MDD group as compared to the pure depression group (GRF correction, voxel-P< 0.001, cluster-P < 0.01). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between ReHo and ALFF values in these abnomal regions with the severity of somatic and depressive symptoms (P< 0.01). CONCLUSION Somatic depression is more severe than pure depression. The ReHo and ALFF changes in the precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and paracentral gyrus may serve a significant role in the pathophysiology of somatic symptoms in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Hongwei Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Aixia Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Chunxia Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Zhifen Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Peiyi Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Kerang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
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Disrupted Resting-State Functional Connectivity between the Dorsal Attention, Default Mode, and Frontoparietal Networks in Nonorganic Gastrointestinal Disorder Patients with Spleen Deficiency Syndrome. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6681903. [PMID: 34055021 PMCID: PMC8123991 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6681903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS), a common clinical syndrome of traditional Chinese medicine, is manifested with digestive symptoms and cognitive impairments. However, the cognitive neural mechanism in brain networks of SDS still remained unclear. Our aim was to investigate the changes between the default mode, dorsal attention, and frontoparietal networks in SDS. Methods Twenty nonorganic gastrointestinal disorder (NOGD) patients with SDS and eighteen healthy controls were enrolled to attend functional magnetic resonance imaging scan and participated a continuous performance test (CPT) before scanning. Results Compared with healthy controls, NOGD patients with SDS showed the significantly increased functional connectivity (FC) between dorsal attention network (DAN) and left frontal-parietal control network (LFPN) and significantly decreased FC between LFPN and default mode network (DMN). The functional network connectivity analysis showed positive correlation coefficients between the DAN and LFPN and DAN and DMN as well as negative correlation between LFPN and DMN in NOGD patients with SDS compared with healthy controls. Correlation analysis revealed that the increased FC between LFPN and DAN was positively correlated with 4-digitnumber reaction time mean (RTM) and 3-digitnumber RTM. Conclusion Our study may provide novel insights into the relationship among the DMN, DAN, and FPN in NOGD patients with SDS to deepen our understanding of the neuropsychological mechanisms of SDS.
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Homeostasis Research Model Based on Yin-Yang Theory: Five Examples. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 27:403-407. [PMID: 33433846 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-2861-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the ancient Yin-Yang theory has been gradually adopted by modern researchers, especially European and American scholars, and it has also been applied to modern scientific research on sleep, viruses, metabolism, cancer, genes, autoimmune diseases, and so on. It is very promising and fruitful results have been reported. However, the understanding of the connotations of Yin-Yang theory is not sufficient and thorough enough in these studies. If we understand and apply Yin-Yang theory more comprehensively, it may provide us with additional potential mechanisms and research directions worthy of study. On the basis of promoting a comprehensive understanding of all three connotations of Yin-Yang theory, this review attempts to illustrate this theory, summarize its applications in modern scientific research, and reveal the potential research direction of modern medicine.
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Chai X, Zhang R, Xue C, Li Z, Xiao W, Huang Q, Xiao C, Xie S. Altered Patterns of the Fractional Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation in Drug-Naive First-Episode Unipolar and Bipolar Depression. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:587803. [PMID: 33312139 PMCID: PMC7704435 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.587803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An early and correct diagnosis is crucial for treatment of unipolar depression (UD) and bipolar disorder (BD). The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFFs) has been widely used in the study of neuropsychiatric diseases, as it can detect spontaneous brain activities. This study was conducted to survey changes of fALFF within various frequency bands of the UD and BD patients, as well as to explore the effects on changes in fALFF on cognitive function. Methods: In total, 58 drug-naive first-episode patients, including 32 UD and 26 BD, were enrolled in the study. The fALFF values were calculated under slow-5 band (0.01-0.027 Hz) and slow-4 band (0.027-0.073 Hz) among UD patients, BD patients, and healthy control (HC). Additionally, we conducted correlation analyses to examine the association between altered fALFF values and cognitive function. Results: Under the slow-5 band, compared to the HC group, the UD group showed increased fALFF values in the right cerebellum posterior lobe, whereas the BD group showed increased fALFF values in the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG). Under the slow-4 band, in comparison to HC, the UD group showed increased fALFF values in the left superior temporal gyrus, whereas the right inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and BD group showed increased fALFF values in the bilateral postcentral gyrus. Notably, compared to BD, the UD group showed increased fALFF values in the right IPL under the slow-4 band. Furthermore, altered fALFF values in the left MTG and the right IPL were significantly positively correlated with Verbal Fluency Test scores. Conclusions: This current study indicated that there were changes in brain activities in the early UD and BD groups, and changes were related to executive function. The fALFF values can serve as potential biomarker to diagnose and differentiate UD and BD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chai
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Xue
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zonghong Li
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wang Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingling Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaoyong Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiping Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Alterations in Brain Structure and Amplitude of Low-frequency after 8 weeks of Mindfulness Meditation Training in Meditation-Naïve Subjects. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10977. [PMID: 31358842 PMCID: PMC6662752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing neuroimaging evidence suggests that mindfulness meditation expertise is related to different functional and structural configurations of the default mode network (DMN), the salience network (SN) and the executive network at rest. However, longitudinal studies observing resting network plasticity effects in brains of novices who started to practice meditation are scarce and generally related to one dimension, such as structural or functional effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate structural and functional brain network changes (e.g. DMN) after 40 days of mindfulness meditation training in novices and set these in the context of potentially altered depression symptomatology and anxiety. We found overlapping structural and functional effects in precuneus, a posterior DMN region, where cortical thickness increased and low-frequency amplitudes (ALFF) decreased, while decreased ALFF in left precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex correlates with the reduction of (CES-D) depression scores. In conclusion, regional overlapping of structural and functional changes in precuneus may capture different components of the complex changes of mindfulness meditation training.
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Liu CH, Kung YY, Yeh TC, Hsu PS, Yang CJ, Cheng CM, Lin HC, Yang JL, Wu TP, Chang CM, Hsieh JC, Chen FP. Differing Spontaneous Brain Activity in Healthy Adults with Two Different Body Constitutions: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E951. [PMID: 31261997 PMCID: PMC6678373 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) practitioners assess body constitution (BC) as a treatment basis for maintaining body homeostasis. We investigated patterns in spontaneous brain activity in different BC groups using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) and determined the relationship between these patterns and quality of life (QOL). Thirty-two healthy individuals divided into two groups (body constitution questionnaire (BCQ)-gentleness [BCQ-G] and BCQ-deficiency [BCQ-D]) based on the body constitution questionnaire (BCQ) underwent rsfMRI to analyze regional homogeneity (ReHo) and the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF). The World Health Organization Quality of Life Instruments (brief edition) scale was used to evaluate the QOL. The BCQ-G group (n = 18) had significantly greater ReHo values in the right postcentral gyrus and lower ALFF values in the brainstem than the BCQ-D group (n = 14). In the BCQ-D group, decreased ReHo of the postcentral gyrus correlated with better physiological functioning; increased ALFF in the brainstem correlated with poor QOL. BCQ-subgroup analysis revealed a nonsignificant correlation between ReHo and Yang deficiency/phlegm and stasis (Phl & STA). Nonetheless, the BCQ-D group showed a positive correlation between ALFF and Phl & STA in the parahippocampus. This study identified differences between BCQ-G and BCQ-D types of healthy adults based on the rsfMRI analysis. The different BCQ types with varied brain endophenotypes may elucidate individualized TCM treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsiung Liu
- Department of Neurology, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Ilan 26514, Taiwan
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11267, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ying Kung
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11267, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chen Yeh
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11267, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11267, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Hsu
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11267, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ju Yang
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11267, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Ming Cheng
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11267, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chun Lin
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11267, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Lin Yang
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11267, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Peng Wu
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11267, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mao Chang
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11267, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chuen Hsieh
- Integrated Brain Research Unit, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11267, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Pey Chen
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11267, Taiwan.
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